UNIT – 2 ( RESEARCH PROBLEM).pptx

gist of nursing research problem chapter

1. UNIT – 2 RESEARCH PROBLEM

2. INTRODUCTION A research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. The word “ question” and quest are derived from the Latin word “ quaerere ” which means “ to seek”

3. DEFINITION A research problem is an enigmatic, troubling area or topic that needs an enquiry to get better understanding or ultimate solution. E.g. – solution of female feticide in India could be enigmatic or troubling topic of the present time, and it could become one of the important research problem. According to Kerlinger - A problem is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks what relation exists between two or more variables. Research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge based needed for professional practices.

4. SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM PERSONAL EXPERIENCE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE PREVIOUS RESEARCH EXISTING THEORIES CONSUMER FEEDBACK

5. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES SOCIAL ISSUES BRAINSTORMING INTUITION FOLKLORES EXPOSURE TO FIELD SITUATIONS

6. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Day to day personal experience of a researcher may serve as a good source of ideas. E.g. A researcher observed domestic violence suffered by wives of alcoholic husband. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE Every curious nurse has several questions to be answered that are encountered during clinical experience. E.g. A nurse finds that unrestricted visiting hours in surgical wards reduced the analgesic demands among post – operative patients.

7. CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE Pertinent questions may arise in mind when one critically study books and articles relating to subject of interest. E.g. a nurse reads an article on the prevalence of pin site infection among patients with external fixators. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Research reports which are published in journals may indirectly stimulate the researcher’s thinking.

8. EXISTING THEORIES Nurses use many theories from other disciplines in their practices. CONSUMER FEEDBACK Research problems may be generated from the result of the activities aimed to solicit patient feedback. E.g. At the time of discharge of patient after angiography , a nurse obtained a feedback from the patient. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES It is also known as quality improvement activities , are used to improve processes and outcomes to meet regulatory requirements .

9. SOCIAL ISSUES Topics can be suggested by more global contemporary social or political issues of relevance to the health care community. E.g. HIV/ AIDS, female feticide. BRAINSTORMING In it an intensified discussion among interested people of profession is conducted to find more ideas. INTUITION It is believed that reflective mind is a good source of ideas. EXPOSURE TO FIELD SITUATIONS During field exposure, researchers get variety of experiences, which may provide plenty of ideas to formulate research problem.

10. . CONSULTATION WITH EXPERTS Experts are believed to have sound experience in their respective field, that may suggest a significant problem to be studied. FOLKLORES Common beliefs could be right or wrong. E.g. it is generally believed that studying just before the test decrease the score.

11. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM A good research problem or question is FINER F – Feasible I- Interesting N – Novel E – Ethical R - Relevant

12. Significance to nursing profession It should benefits nursing profession and patients , nurses and health care fraternity through the study. Originality It should make original contribution. Feasible Feasibility of research problem in reference to time , availability of subjects , facilities , equipment and money and ethical considerations should be checked.

13. Solvable / Researchable It should be solvable Current It should be based on the current problems and needs of a profession Interesting It should be interested for the nurse researcher itself.

14. FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Selection of a research area Initially a researcher selects a broader area for study, such as Healthcare Associated Infection ( HAI) STEPS EXAMPLE Reviewing the literature and theories An extensive review of literature and theories is done to know what already has been done 1 2

15. Delimiting the research topic 3 Evaluating the research problem 4 Researcher proceeds from a general research area of interest to more specific topic of research to conduct study. E.g. HAI is very broad area , so at this stage researcher delimits the topic from Healthcare Associated Infections to incidence of VAP Researcher evaluates the research problem for feasibility , substantive, methodological and ethical dimensions

16. It could be in interrogative or Declarative format Declarative format – E.g. A descriptive study on prevalence of bedsores among unconscious patients admitted in ICU of PGIMER , Chandigarh Interrogative format – Stated in question form E.g. What is the influence of the level of haemoglobin on pin site infection among patients with external skeletal fixators admitted in orthopaedic wards of AIIMS , New Delhi ? Formulating the final problem statement of the research problem 5 A statement of problem is formulated keeping in mind the basic components of research problem. E.g. “ A descriptive study on incidence of VAP among patients on Mechanical ventilator admitted in ICU of AIIMS , Rishikesh”

17. A well formulated research problem have the following components : Research study type/design Variables Population Research setting E.g. A descriptive study on the prevalence of pin site infection among patients with external skeletal fixation admitted in orthopedic wards of Nehru Hospital, PGIMER , Chandigarh Research study design : Descriptive Variables : One research variable “ prevalence of pin site infection” Population : Patients with external skeletal fixation Research settings: Orthopedic wards of Nehru hospital , PGIMER , Chandigarh

18. CLASS ASSIGNMENT FORMULATE A RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

19. Components of problem statement RELEVANCE OF STUDY TITLE OF STUDY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OBJECTIVES DELIMITATIONS SCOPE & LIMITATION

20. EXAMPLE Study to determine reasons for recurrent wave of covid 19 infection despite safety measures among people living in …… Study to assess the factors influencing the use of FPM in the rural community of East Sikkim Study to assess the factors affecting self management in patients with diabetes Study to assess the factors impacting nutritional status of elderly population

21. 5. study to assess the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programme for patient with COPD 6. Study to assess the factors affecting performance of a nursing staff working in hospitals of Sikkim

22. Terminology 1. Abstract: A clear, concise summary of the study that communicates the essential information about the study. In research journals, it is usually located at the beginning of an article. 2. Data: Units of information or any statistics, facts, figures, general material, evidence, or knowledge collected during the course of the study.

23. 3 . Variables : Attributes or characteristics that can have more than one value, such as height or weight. In other words, variables are qualities, quantities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, or situations that change or vary. 4. Dependent variables: Variables that change as the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher sometimes called the criterion variables.

24. 5. Independent variables: Variables that are purposely manipulated or changed by the researcher also called manipulated variables. 6. Research variables: These are the qualities, properties, or characteristics which are observed or measured in a natural setting without manipulating establishing cause--effect relationship

25. 7. Demographic variables: The characteristics attributes of the study subjects are considered demographic variables, for example, age, gender, educational status, religion, social class, marital status, habitat, occupation, income, medical diagnosis, so on. 8. Extraneous variables: Extraneous variables are the factors that are not the part of the study but may affect the measurement of the study variables.

26. 9. Operational definition: The way by which a researcher clarifies defines the variables under investigation. In addition, the researcher must also specify how the variables will be observed measured in the actual research situation. 10. Assumption: Basic principle that is accepted as being true on the basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification.

27. 11. Hypothesis: A statement of the predicted relationship between two or more variable in a research study an educated or calculated guess by researcher. 12. Literature review: A critical summary or research on a topic of interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identify gaps/weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation.

28. 13. Limitations: Restrictions in a study that may decrease the credibility generalization of the research findings. 14. Manipulation : An intervention or treatment introduced by the researcher in an experimental or quasi-experimental study the researcher manipulates the independent variable to assess its impact on the dependent variable.

29. 15. Population: The entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristics selected for a research study ( eg patients admitted in intensive care units) sometimes referred to as the universe of the research study. 16. Target population: The entire population in which the researchers are interested to which they would like to generalize the research finding. 17. Accessible population: The aggregate of cases that conform to designated inclusion or exclusion criteria that are accessible as subject of the study.

30. 18. Research study setting: The study setting is the location in which the research is conducted it could be natural, partially controlled, or highly controlled. Natural or field setting is an uncontrolled real-life situation. In a partially controlled situation, environment is partially modified to control extraneous variables, while in highly controlled situations, study environment is fully controlled to combat the effect of extraneous variables. 19. Sample: A part or subset of population selected to participate in research study.

31. 20. Representative sample: A sample whose characteristics are highly similar to that of the population from which it is drawn. 21. Sampling : The process of selecting sample from the target population to represent the entire population.

32. 22. Pilot study: Study carried out at the end of the planning phase of research in order to explore test the research elements to make relevant to make modification in research tools methodology. 23. Analysis : Method of organizing, sorting, scrutinizing data in such a way that research question can be answered or meaningful inferences can be drawn.

33. Research objectives

34. Meaning Clear, concise, declarative statement which provides direction to investigate the variables. Ways to measure variables ( eg identify, describe etc ) Results sought by researcher at the end of research process Summarizes what is to be achieved by the study

35. Characteristics of research objectives SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time bound) Relevant, feasible, logical, observable, unequivocal, unambigous Should summarize what is to be achieved by a study

36. A quasi-experimental study to assess the effects of ginger on morning sickness among pregnant women in selected cities of Kerala Objectives: To determine the prevalence of morning sickness in pregnant women To compare the severity of morning sickness in primigravida and multigravida To compare the effects of ginger on morning sickness in multigravida & primigravida women To identify the association of morning sickness with selected demographic variables

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