Unit 25 The Nervous System 2.pptxjhjgfda

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1. Central Nervous System

2. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Main functions: control actions and thoughts interpret stimuli memory Central Nervous System The nervous system

3. The development of the nervous system in chordates is a product of millions of years of evolution, and more primitive organisms do not exhibit this complexity. The Nervous System of Different Animals The diversity of nervous systems

4. Cnidarians Cnidarians, like jellyfishes, have a nerve net structure . The formation of their nerve cells in a web-like spread around the organism, and aggregations are minimal. The Nervous System of Different Animals Location of nerve cells in cnidarians

5. Worms Flatworms have a pair of nerve cords and two ganglia that serve as their brains. Roundworms have a dorsal and ventral nerve cord as well as a number of nerve cords found on lateral sides. The Nervous System of Different Animals Location of nervous system in worms

6. Worms Segmented worms have a more complex nervous system. They have ganglia in each body segment and nerve cords for relaying signals. The Nervous System of Different Animals Location of nervous system in worms

7. Mollusks They have multiple ganglia that are found in pairs and are associated with nerve cords. They also have a nerve ring , which forms a loop around multiple ganglia. The Nervous System of Different Animals Location of nervous system in a mollusk

8. It is an organ that occupies the inside of the skull. It is the functional center of the nervous system. It is subdivided into four parts: brain stem , cerebrum , cerebellum , and diencephalon. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

9. Cerebrum It is divided into lobes: Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe The Brain Lobes of the cerebrum

10. Cerebrum Frontal lobe is responsible for motor skills, cognition, and reasoning. Parietal lobe is responsible for touch and processing of sensory signals. The Brain Lobes of the cerebrum

11. Cerebrum Temporal lobe is associated with hearing, memory, and speech. Occipital lobe interprets visuals and colors. The Brain Lobes of the cerebrum

12. Cerebrum It is divided into left and right hemispheres by the corpus callosum. Right hemisphere controls the left side of the body; left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The Brain The human brain viewed from the rear

13. Primary Motor and Primary Somatosensory Cortices The primary motor cortex is located at the frontal lobe’s dorsal side. This is in charge of planning and generating movements. The Brain Body part representation in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices

14. Primary Motor and Primary Somatosensory Cortices The primary somatosensory cortex is located at the postcentral gyrus. This is in charge of receiving sensory inputs from the body. The Brain Body part representation in the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices

15. Brain Stem It coordinates motor signals and controls life-supporting autonomic functions of the peripheral system. It controls facial nerves for the facial expressions. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

16. Brain Stem It consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and the mesencephalon, and it is structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

17. Brain Stem Medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities of various internal organs. Activities: breathing, heartbeat, cardiovascular functions, and digestion The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

18. Brain Stem Mesencephalon or midbrain contains nerve paths that connect the cerebral hemispheres with the medulla oblongata. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

19. Brain Stem Reticular formation is a group of nuclei and is scattered along the brainstem. It regulates sleep, formation of sensory habits, controls motor actions and pain. The Brain The reticular formation

20. Cerebellum This is second largest part of the brain found behind the cerebrum. It is responsible for fine-tuning the body and limb movements, and maintains the body balance. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

21. Diencephalon It is located between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It is also known as the posterior of the forebrain. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

22. Diencephalon Parts included: thalamus epithalamus subthalamus hypothalamus The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

23. Diencephalon T halamus receives information from the sensory organs and delivers that information to the cerebrum for other processes. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

24. Diencephalon Epithalamus is in charge of secreting some hormones, as well as aiding in the control of emotions and movement. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

25. Diencephalon Subthalamus is connected to the thalamus. It helps in controlling muscle responses. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

26. Diencephalon Hypothalamus is the site of hunger, thirst, anger, and internal body temperature. The Brain Parts of an adult human brain

27. It is a long, thin mass of bundled neurons enclosed by the bones of the spine called vertebrae. It is located at the base of the brain stem and runs the entire upper body. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord

28. This serves as a bridge between the CNS and the PNS. It is responsible for delivering messages from the CNS to PNS and vice versa. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord

29. 31 spinal cord segments: 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 caudal segment The Spinal Cord The meninges

30. Meninges are membranes that protect against shock, dehydration, and injury, and provide support for the nervous system. They coat the brain and spinal cord. The Structure of the Spinal Cord The meninges

31. Meninges Dura mater is the outermost meninx. Arachnoid mater contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Pia mater lies under CSF. The Structure of the Spinal Cord The meninges

32. The central nervous system ’s main functions are to control actions and thoughts, interpreting stimuli, memory, and many more. It is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord . 1 The brain is an organ that occupies the inside of the skull. It is considered to be the functional center of the nervous system. The brain is subdivided into four parts: brain stem , cerebrum , cerebellum , and diencephalon. 2

33. The spinal cord is located at the base of the brain stem and runs the entire upper body. The spinal cord has multiple segments: cervical , thoracic , lumbar , sacral , and caudal . 3

34. Write true if the statement is accurate, and false if otherwise. Only the brain is coated by the meninges. The meninges are used for protection. The central nervous system includes both the brain and the spinal cord. The sacral segment is found at the level of the hips. Humans have no caudal segment.

35. What are the effects of damage to the cerebrum?