UNIT-3 BLOOD 1st gnm according to the sy.

1st gnm ppt blood unit-3

1. UNIT: 3 BLOOD

2. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma, blood cells and platelets. It circulates throughout our body delivering oxygen and nutrients to various cells and tissues. It makes up 8% of our body weight. An average adult possesses around 5-6 liters of blood .

3. Definition Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. The coloring matter of blood (hemochrome) is largely due to the protein in the blood responsible for oxygen transport

4. Blood: Composition and Function Blood is a red colour pigment that circulates in the body. It c o n t ains pla sma, r ed blo o d c ells, whi t e bl o od c ells, and pl a t el e ts It performs various functions in the body. Blood is a connective tissue that helps in the transportation of substances, protects against diseases and regulates the temperature of the body. On average, a healthy man has about 5 liters of blood in the body, while a woman has about 500 ml less than man. So, total blood is about 60-80 ml/kg of body weight.

5. It is composed of blood cells suspended i n blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves

6. C o mpositi o n of Blo o d

7. Composition of blood Blood is classified as a connective tissue and consists of two main components: Plasma, which is a clear extracellular fluid Formed elements, which are made up of the blood cells and platelets Formed elements are: Erythrocytes , also known as red blood cells ( RBCs) Leukocytes , also known as white blood cells ( WBCs) Platelets Leukocytes are further classified into two subcategories called granulocytes which consist of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils; and agranulocytes which consist of lymphocytes and monocytes.

8. Types of blood cells/composition Plasma The liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up  55 % of blood. It is pale yellow in color and when separated, it consists of salts, nutrients, water and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components necessary for overall health. Red Blood Cells (RBC) Red blood cells consist of Hemoglobin, a protein. They are produced by the bone marrow to primarily carry oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away from it. life span 100-120 days. Normal men-4.7-6.1 and women 4.2-5.4 million per microliter.

9. White Blood Cells (WBC) White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter our body. They circulate throughout our body and originate from the bone marrow. Platelets Tiny disc-shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood.

10. Blood clotting blood Coagulation (also known as clotting ) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

11. f ormation of clot

12. Functions of blood It supplies essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood regulating body temperature

13. Formation of blood Blood cells are produced in bone marrow: • Red cells, white cells and platelets are made in the marrow of bones, especially the vertebrae, ribs, hips, skull and sternum. • These essential blood cells fight infection, carry oxygen and help control bleeding.

14. CROSS MATCHING Cross Matching is a procedure performed prior to a blood transfusion to determine whether donor blood is compatible with recipient blood.

15. The individual from whom the blood is transferred is called the donor. The individual to whom the blood is transferred is known as the recipient. Indiscriminate transfusion may lead to serious conditions and even death.

16. Blood groups There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. blood group is determined by the genes from our parents

17. Antibodies and antigens Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They recognize foreign substances, such as germs, and alert our immune system. Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells.

18. The ABO system There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system : Type A  has the A antigen. Type B  has the B antigen. Type AB  has both A and B antigens. Type O  has neither A nor B antigens . There are eight possible types: O-positive, O-negative, A-positive, A-negative, B-positive, B-negative, AB-positive, and AB-negative.

19. O : Type individuals can donate blood to anyone, because their blood has no antigens. However, they can only receive blood from other type O individuals (because blood with any antigens is seen as foreign). A : Type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and type AB individuals. Type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals. B : Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals. Type B individuals can receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals. AB : Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals, but can receive blood of any type.

20. Blood Products and their use   Blood Products : Blood  products are the whole blood or  its components which are collected, processed and stored ,which are suitable for treatment of diseases in humans.  

21. BLOOD COMPONENTS 1.Whole blood 2. packed red blood cells (PRBC ) 3 . Platelet concentrate (PC ) 4. Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP ) 5. Cryoprecipitate

22. 1.Whole blood : Whole blood 500ml Storage: +2°C and +6°C in an approved blood bank refrigerator, fitted with a temperature monitor and alarm. Indications :   acute blood loss Complete transfusion within 4-6 hours.

23. 2. Packed Red Blood C ells ( PRBC) 150‐200 mL red blood cells from which most of the plasma has been removed indications : anemic patients . Storage : +2°C and +6°C in an approved blood bank refrigerator, fitted with a temperature monitor and alarm .

24. 3.Platelet Concentrates (PC) Indications: Thrombocytopenia. Platelet function defects. Storage:     PCs may be stored for up to 5 days at +20°C to +24°C     PCs are prepared from units of whole blood that have not been allowed to cool below +20°C .

25. 4.Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)    FFP is plasma prepared from whole blood. The plasma is rapidly frozen to –25°C   Unit: 200‐300 mL Storage :   FFP is stored at –25°C or colder for up to 1 year . Indication : - thrombocytopenic purpura.  

26. 5. Cryoprecipitate Cryoprecipitate also called as cryo for short , is a frozen blood product prepared from blood plasma . To create this ,FFP thawed to 1 °C to 6 °C and is collected Cryo can be stored at 18 °C to 1year hemophilia blood disorder