Unit 3 blood gnm

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1. PREPARED BY. Yash Daudiya Post Basic B.sc ( N) YASH DAUDIYA

2. What is Blood? Blood is a special type of fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm. The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is called haematology. haeme blood logos study ) YASH DAUDIYA

3. Types of Blood Cells We have seen blood consist of cells known as formed elements of blood. These cells have their own functions and roles to play in the body. The blood cells which circulate all around the body are as follows: YASH DAUDIYA

4. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) RBCs are biconcave cells and without nucleus in humans; also known as erythrocytes. RBCs contain the iron-rich protein called hemoglobin;  give blood its red color. RBCs are the most copious blood cells produced in bone marrows. Their main function is to transport oxygen from and to various  tissues  and organs. Red Blood Cells are red due to  Hemoglobin , which is a  transport molecule  and also a  pigment.  As a result, blood is red. YASH DAUDIYA

5. Life span 120 days Shape Circular biconcave non-nucleated Size Diameter = 7 – 8 μ m Thickness = 2.5 μ m Colour Red (haemoglobin pigment) Count Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/ μL Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/ μ L Red Blood Cells YASH DAUDIYA

6. Erythropoiesis The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis. Adult Red bone marrow of long bones (hip bone, breast bone & ribs) Child (up to 5 year) Bone marrow of all the bones Foetus Liver & spleen Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythemia Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia YASH DAUDIYA

7. Functions of RBCs Transport O2 from lungs to tissues Transport CO2from tissues to lungs Normal blood contains 13 – 15 g of Hb per 100 ml of blood One RBC contains about 250 million molecules of Hb Each molecule of Hb carries four molecules of oxygen YASH DAUDIYA

8. White blood cells White blood cells White blood cells Shape Amoeboid nucleated Size 12 12 – 15 μ m Colour Colourless & translucent Count 5000 – 10000 WBCs/ μ L Life span 10 – 13 days YASH DAUDIYA

9. Leucopoiesis The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis. Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow Foetus Liver, spleen Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as leukaemia (blood cancer) YASH DAUDIYA

10. Types of White Blood Cells There are five different types of White blood cells and are classified mainly based on the presence and absence of granules. YASH DAUDIYA

11. Types of WBCs WBCs Granular Agranular Neutrophils (62%) Acidophils (2.3%) Basophils (0.4%) Lymphocytes (30%) Monocytes (5.3%) YASH DAUDIYA

12. Granulocytes They are leukocytes, with the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. The granulated cells include- eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil. Eosinophils They are the cells of leukocytes, which are present in the immune system. These cells are responsible for combating infections in parasites of vertebrates and for controlling mechanisms associated with allergy and  asthma . Eosinophil cells are small granulocyte, which are produced in the bone marrow and makes 2 to 3 per cent of whole WBCs. These cells are present in high concentrations in the digestive tract. Basophils They are the least common of the granulocytes, ranging from 0.5 to 1 per cent of WBCs. They contain large cytoplasmic granules, which plays a vital role in mounting a non-specific immune response to pathogens, allergic reactions by releasing histamine and dilates the blood vessels. These white blood cells have the ability to be stained when exposed to basic dyes, hence referred to as basophil. These cells are best known for their role in asthma and their result in inflammation and bronchoconstriction in the airways. They secrete serotonin, histamine and heparin. YASH DAUDIYA

13. Neutrophils They are normally found in the bloodstream. They are predominant cells, which are present in pus. Around 60 to 65 per cent of WBCs are neutrophils with a diameter of 10 to 12 micrometers. The nucleus is 2 to 5 lobed and cytoplasm has very fine granules. Neutrophil helps in the destruction of bacteria with lysosomes, and it acts as a strong oxidant. Neutrophils are stained only using neutral dyes. Hence, they are called so. Neutrophils are also the first cells of the immune system to respond to an invader such as a bacteria or a virus. The lifespan of these WBCs extend for up to eight hours and are produced every day in the bone marrow. YASH DAUDIYA

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15. Agranulocytes They are leukocytes, with the absence of granules in their cytoplasm. Agranulocytes are further classified into monocytes and lymphocytes. Monocytes These cells usually have a large bilobed nucleus, with a diameter of 12 to 20 micrometers. The nucleus is generally of half-moon shaped or kidney-shaped and it occupies 6 to 8 per cent of WBCs. They are the garbage trucks of the immune system. The most important functions of monocytes are to migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells, protect against the bloodborne pathogens and they move very quickly to the sites of infections in the  tissues . These white blood cells have a single bean-shaped nucleus, hence referred to as Monocytes. YASH DAUDIYA

16. Lymphocytes They play a vital role in producing antibodies. Their size ranges from 8 to 10 micrometers. They are commonly known as natural killer cells. They play an important role in body defense. These white blood cells are colorless cells formed in lymphoid tissue, hence referred to as lymphocytes. There are two main types of lymphocytes – B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. These cells are very important in the immune systems and are responsible for humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Platelets (Thrombocytes) Thrombocytes are specialized blood cells produced from bone marrow. Platelets come into play when there is bleeding or hemorrhage. They help in clotting and coagulation of blood. Platelets help in coagulation during a cut or wound. YASH DAUDIYA

17. Granular WBCs Type Appearance Features Functions Location produced Neutrophils • Nucleus with 3-4 lobes • Stain with neutral dye (hematoxylin) Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis Bone marrow Acidophils (eosinophils) Nucleus with 2 lobes Stain with acidic dye (eosin) Combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions Bone marrow Basophils Nucleus with indistinct lobes Stain with basic dye (methylene blue) Liberate heparin and histamine in allergic reactions to intensify inflammatory response Bone marrow Lymphocyte Smallest of WBCs Large round nucleus Produce antibodies Bone marrow, spleen, tonsils Monocyte Largest of WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus Ingest microorganisms Bone marrow YASH DAUDIYA

18. Platelets Shape Circular biconvex non-nucleated Size 2 – 4 μ m Count 1,50,000 – 4,00,000 platelets/ μ L Life span 5 – 9 days Function Blood clotting YASH DAUDIYA

19. Thrombopoiesis The production of platelets is known as thrombopoiesis Platelets are the fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes that remain in the bone marrow. Increase in number of platelets is known as thrombocytosis Decrease in number of platelets is known as thrombocytopenia YASH DAUDIYA

20. Composition of Blood YASH DAUDIYA

21. Blood clotting Blood clotting is the process in which blood looses its fluidity and becomes a jelly like mass few minutes after it is shed out Process of blood clotting 1. Blood vessel is punctured 2. Platelets form a plug Prothrombin activator Prothrombin Thrombin Ca 2+ Soluble Fibrinogen Insoluble fibrin Ca 2+ 3.Platelets & damaged tissue cells release prothrombin activator, which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions 4. Fibrin thread forms & trap red blood cell YASH DAUDIYA

22. Anticoagulant A substance which prevents the coagulation of blood is called as anticoagulant. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant present in the blood.  If blood clots too easily, the result can be thrombosis – clotting in an undamaged blood vessel. If the blood takes too long to clot, hemorrhage can occur. YASH DAUDIYA

23. Functions of Blood Blood is responsible for the following body functions: Fluid Connective Tissue Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements including WBCs, RBCs, and platelets. Since these living cells are suspended in plasma, blood is known as a fluid connective tissue and not just fluid. Provides oxygen to the cells Blood absorbs oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body. The waste carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs and exhaled. Transports Hormone and Nutrients The digested nutrients such as glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins are absorbed into the blood through the capillaries in the villi lining the small intestine. The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands are also transported by the blood to different organs and tissues. YASH DAUDIYA

24. Homeostasis Blood helps to maintain the internal body temperature by absorbing or releasing heat. Blood Clotting at Site of Injury The platelets help in the clotting of blood at the site of injury. Platelets along with the fibrin form clot at the wound site Transport of waste to the Kidney and Liver Blood enters the kidney where it is filtered to remove nitrogenous waste out of the blood plasma. The toxins from the blood are also removed by the liver. Protection of body against pathogens The White Blood Cells fight against infections. They multiply rapidly during the infections YASH DAUDIYA

25. YASH DAUDIYA Blood Group System Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist discovered the ABO blood group system in the year 1900. What are ABO and Rh blood groups? 1. ABO blood Group system The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens- Antigen A and Antigen B. The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies. Group A  – contains antigen A and antibody B. Group B  –contains antigen B and antibody A. Group AB  –contains both A and B antigen and no antibodies (neither A nor B). Group O  – contains neither A nor B antigen and both antibodies A and B.  he ABO group system is important during blood donation or blood transfusion as mismatching of blood group can lead to clumping of red blood cells with various disorders. It is important for the  blood cells  to match while transfusing i.e. donor-recipient compatibility is necessary. For example, a person of blood group A can receive blood either from group A or O as there are no antibodies for A and O in blood group A.

26. YASH DAUDIYA ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM As shown in the above table, individuals of blood group O are called as  universal donors , whereas individuals of blood group AB are  universal recipients .

27. YASH DAUDIYA 2. Rh Blood Group System In addition to the ABO blood grouping system, the other prominent one is the Rh blood group system. About two-thirds of the population contains the third antigen on the surface of their red blood cells known as  Rh factor  or  Rh antigen ; this decides whether the blood group is positive or negative. If the Rh factor is present, an individual is  rhesus positive  ( Rh+ve ); if an Rh factor is absent individual is  rhesus negative  (Rh- ve ) as they produce Rh antibodies. Therefore, compatibility between donor and individual is crucial in this case as well.

28. YASH DAUDIYA THANK YOU