unit 3 Chapter 4 - privaacy.pptx : This is in ethichs. helping to understand privacy

Privacy : protecting people from bad environment. maintain privacy you should not chat to new comers

1. Chapter 4

2. Privacy L E A RNI NG OBJECTI V ES As you read this chapter, consider the following questions: What is the right of privacy, and what is the basis for protecting personal privacy under the law? What are some of the laws that provide protection for the privacy of per- sonal data, and what are some of the associated ethical issues? What are the various strategies for consumer profiling, and what are the associated ethical issues? What is e-discovery, and how is it being used? Why and how are employers increasingly using workplace monitoring? What are the capabilities of advanced surveillance technologies, and what ethical issues do they raise?

3. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW The Power of Information: Point: Information is like a superpower in today’s world. Companies and governments collect data to make decisions that can change lives. Example: Imagine you apply for a dream job. The company checks your online profile, education, and work history to decide if you’re the right fit. Your information helps them decide, but you should have control over what they see.

4. Why Privacy Matters: Point: Privacy is about having control over your personal information. It’s like having the key to a locked diary—only you should decide who reads it. · Example: Think of your phone. It has personal messages, photos, and contacts. You wouldn’t hand it to a stranger, right? That’s why protecting your data is so important.

5. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW Balancing Act: Point: There’s a balance between using information to help us and protecting our privacy. Too much of either can be risky. Example: If a shopping website knows what you like, it can suggest great deals. But if it shares your data with other companies without asking, you might get unwanted ads or spam.

6. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW The History of Privacy: Point: The idea of privacy has been important for a long time, even before computers existed. It’s about keeping our private lives safe from intrusion. Example: In the U.S., the Fourth Amendment protects you from unreasonable searches. It’s like a "No Trespassing" sign for your personal space.

7. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW The Digital Age Dilemma: Point: Technology makes life easier but also poses new challenges for privacy. With great technology comes great responsibility. Example: Social media lets you share moments with friends, but if you’re not careful, those moments could be shared with the world—sometimes with unintended consequences.

8. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW Real-Life Scenarios: Point: Privacy issues affect everyone, even if you think you have nothing to hide. It’s about maintaining your freedom and control. Example: Imagine you’re researching a sensitive topic online, like a health condition. You wouldn’t want this information to be shared with advertisers or employers, right? Protecting your privacy ensures that your research stays private.

9. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW Building Trust: Point: Companies and governments need to earn our trust by respecting our privacy. Trust is the foundation of a good relationship. Example: When a company sends you a clear privacy policy and asks for your permission before using your data, it’s like a friend asking before borrowing something from you—it builds trust.

10. PRIVACY PROTECTION AND THE LAW The Future of Privacy: Point: As technology advances, we must stay vigilant and demand better privacy protections. The future of privacy is in our hands. Example: Think of smart home devices like voice assistants. They make life easier, but they also listen to everything you say. It’s up to us to decide how much we want them to hear.

11. The Power of the Internet in Communication How the Internet Connects Us: Example: Imagine you’ve written a story and posted it online. People from all over the world can read it, comment on it, and share it with others. That’s how the Internet works—it connects people everywhere, allowing them to exchange ideas, news, and opinions.

12. The Power of the Internet in Communication Anonymity and Freedom: On the Internet, you can join discussions or share your thoughts without revealing your identity. Example: Think about using a nickname when commenting on a YouTube video. No one knows who you are, but you can still share your thoughts freely.

13. The Power of the Internet in Communication Reaching the Right Audience: You can send a message to a huge number of people, or you can target specific groups. Example: If you’ve got a cool new app idea, you might email only your tech-savvy friends to get their opinions first. The Internet allows you to aim your message exactly where you want it to go.

14. The Ethical Side of Using the Internet Making Good Choices Online: With great power comes great responsibility. The Internet gives you the freedom to share anything, but it’s important to use this power wisely. Example: Before posting a rumor about someone, think about the harm it could cause. Is it worth it? Ethical use of the Internet means being kind, truthful, and respectful.

15. The Ethical Side of Using the Internet Rules to Keep Us Safe: Just like we have traffic rules to prevent accidents, there are Internet rules to keep online spaces safe and productive. Example: Your school might block certain websites so you can focus on learning. At work, companies might limit personal web browsing to ensure employees are focused on their tasks.

16. Freedom of Expression Online Your Right to Speak: The Internet amplifies your voice, letting you express your opinions freely. Example: If you feel strongly about protecting the environment, you can start a blog or social media campaign to spread awareness. However, it’s important to express yourself respectfully and avoid spreading hate or false information.

17. The First Amendment: Protecting Freedom What is the First Amendment? The First Amendment is part of the U.S. Constitution, and it protects several important rights: Freedom of Religion: You can practice any religion or no religion at all. Freedom of Speech and Expression: You have the right to express your thoughts and ideas, even if they are unpopular. Freedom to Assemble: People can gather together peacefully for protests or meetings. Freedom to Petition the Government: You can ask the government to change things you believe are wrong.

18. The First Amendment: Protecting Freedom Why is it Important? It ensures that everyone has the freedom to express themselves and practice their beliefs without fear of government interference. Example: If someone wants to peacefully protest a new law, they can do so without being punished by the government. This is protected under the First Amendment.

19. Obscene Speech: What is Considered Too Offensive? What is Obscene Speech? Not all speech is protected by the First Amendment. "Obscene speech" refers to materials or expressions that are extremely offensive, especially related to sexual content. How is it Decided? The U.S. Supreme Court uses a test from a 1973 case called Miller v. California to determine if something is obscene. They ask three questions: Community Standards: Would the average person find it offensive? Explicit Content: Does it depict sexual conduct in an obviously offensive way? Value: Does it have any serious value, like artistic, political, or scientific importance?

20. Obscene Speech: What is Considered Too Offensive? Example: If a website shares graphic sexual images without any educational or artistic purpose, it might be considered obscene and not protected by free speech laws. Why is This Important? It helps protect communities from extremely offensive material, but it also raises questions like "What is considered a community?" especially when content is shared online.

21. Defamation: Protecting Reputation What is Defamation? Defamation is when someone makes a false statement about another person that harms their reputation. Slander: If the false statement is spoken. Libel: If the false statement is written. Why is it a Big Deal? Defamation can cause serious harm, like damaging someone’s career, reputation, or personal life.

22. Defamation: Protecting Reputation Example: If someone falsely accuses a teacher of cheating on a test and shares this online, it could ruin the teacher’s reputation. This could be considered defamation. Real-Life Example: A woman sued a website called Gawker because they falsely suggested she was in an inappropriate relationship with her boss. This damaged her reputation, and she suffered both personally and professionally. Why Should We Care? While it’s important to have freedom of speech, it’s equally important to be responsible with that freedom. Spreading false information that harms others can lead to legal consequences.

23. C R IT ICA L T H INK I NG EXERCI SE: P OSTI NG A N E GA TIV E RE VI EW ON Y E L P Your friend recently had an unpleasant experience at a local eatery where the service was poor and the food overpriced. In addition, she became ill with severe stomach cramps within hours of eating at the restaurant. She has drafted a scathing review and plans to post it on Yelp, accusing the restaurant of giving her food poisoning. She has asked you to look over her review before posting it. What would you say?

24. Freedom of Expression and the Internet The Internet has given us incredible ways to communicate with people all over the world. But with this freedom also come responsibilities and ethical challenges. Let's break down some key points related to freedom of expression on the Internet, with examples to make them easier to understand. 1. Controlling Access to Information on the Internet Challenge: The Internet is open to everyone, including children. While it's important to support free speech, we also need to protect kids from harmful content. Example: Imagine a website that shares inappropriate content. If a child accesses this, it could be harmful. To prevent this, the U.S. government has passed laws, and companies have created software to block such content. However, the challenge is that sometimes these restrictions might also block content that adults have the right to access.

25. Communications Decency Act (CDA) Purpose: The CDA was part of a larger law passed in 1996 to protect children from online pornography. Problem: The language of the law was too broad and vague. It didn't clearly define what "indecent" meant, leaving it up to communities to decide. Outcome: The Supreme Court found this law unconstitutional because it restricted freedom of speech. They ruled that the Internet should have the same free speech protections as print media. Example: If this law had not been overturned, many websites we use today might not exist, or they would be very different. Websites like Facebook or Twitter might have been heavily restricted.

26. Freedom of Expression Section 230 of the CDA Protection for ISPs: This part of the CDA was not overturned. It protects Internet service providers (ISPs) and social media platforms from being held responsible for user-generated content, as long as they are not creating the content themselves. Example: If someone posts a defamatory comment on Facebook, Section 230 protects Facebook from being sued. However, if Facebook were seen as choosing or promoting certain content (like news stories), it might lose this protection.

27. Freedom of Expression Child Online Protection Act (COPA) Purpose: Passed in 1998, COPA aimed to protect children from harmful online content. Challenge: The language was vague, and it could have restricted adults' access to protected speech. Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled COPA unconstitutional, as it could harm free speech while trying to protect children. Example: If COPA were still in effect, websites selling explicit material might be severely restricted, impacting not just children but also adults who have a right to access certain content.

28. Freedom of Expression Internet Filtering Purpose: Internet filters are software that blocks access to certain websites based on their content. Types of Filtering: URL Filtering: Blocks specific websites (e.g., a site with inappropriate content). Keyword Filtering: Blocks sites with certain keywords (e.g., "gambling"). Dynamic Content Filtering: Analyzes a site’s content in real-time before allowing access.

29. Freedom of Expression Example: Schools might use Internet filters to prevent students from accessing adult content or distracting websites. However, sometimes these filters block useful information, like health or civil rights resources. Challenge: Balancing the need to protect users, especially children, while ensuring that useful and important information isn't blocked.

30. FIGURE 5-2 Screenshot of Safe Eyes from Internet Safety Source: InternetSafety.com, part of McAfee Inc.

31. Freedom of Expression Internet Censorship in Different Countries Start by discussing how different countries handle Internet censorship and the implications for freedom of speech. Example 1: Brazil Context: Explain that in Brazil, the government has significant power to demand the closure of Gmail accounts and blogs. This is largely due to the ease with which lawsuits can be filed to demand content removal. Example: Imagine a journalist in Brazil writing about corruption in a government project. A politician might quickly file a lawsuit to take down the article, claiming it defames their reputation. Since filing lawsuits is inexpensive, this tactic is often used to silence criticism.

32. Freedom of Expression Example 2: Cuba Context: Describe how Cuba restricts Internet access and heavily censors online content. Example: Suppose a Cuban citizen tries to access a website that criticizes the government. The site might be blocked or filtered, preventing them from reading or sharing the information. With only 5% of homes connected to the Internet, the government maintains tight control over what people can see.

33. Freedom of Expression Part 2: Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP) Move on to the concept of SLAPP lawsuits, emphasizing how they are used to intimidate critics. Example: Scenario: Imagine a local community group protesting against the construction of a harmful factory in their neighborhood. The company behind the factory might file a defamation lawsuit against the group, even though the lawsuit has little merit. The goal is to scare the group into silence by making them fear the high costs of a legal battle. Outcome: Explain that these lawsuits often drag on, with the plaintiff refusing to settle and using vague accusations to prolong the case. This can exhaust the resources and resolve of the critics, forcing them to back down.

34. Freedom of Expression Part 3: Anti-SLAPP Legislation Finally, discuss how anti-SLAPP laws protect individuals from these frivolous lawsuits. Example: Scenario: If the community group in the previous example lived in a state with strong anti-SLAPP laws, they could file an anti-SLAPP motion as soon as the lawsuit was filed. This motion would pause the lawsuit while the court determines if it’s a legitimate case or just an attempt to silence free speech. Outcome: If the court finds that the lawsuit is indeed a SLAPP, the case would be dismissed, and the company might even have to pay the group’s legal fees. This acts as a deterrent against filing such baseless lawsuits in the first place.

35. Freedom of Expression Interactive Discussion Activity: Divide the class into groups and ask each group to research a country and its approach to Internet censorship. Have them present their findings and discuss how these policies affect freedom of speech in that country. Debate: Organize a debate on the ethics of SLAPP lawsuits. One side can argue that SLAPPs are unethical and stifle free speech, while the other side can argue that in some cases, lawsuits are necessary to protect against defamation.

36. Anonymity on the Internet - Simplified Explanation What is Anonymity? Anonymity on the Internet means expressing opinions or sharing information without revealing your real identity. It's like speaking from behind a curtain where people can hear your voice but can't see who you are. Why is Anonymity Important? In a democracy, people should be able to share their thoughts without fear. This is especially true in places where free speech isn’t allowed. Anonymity allows people to speak out against wrongdoings without facing punishment.

37. Historical Examples: American Revolution: During the American Revolution, people who opposed British rule often wrote pamphlets and leaflets anonymously. This helped them spread their message without being caught or punished. For instance, Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense was published anonymously and encouraged American colonies to fight for independence. John Zenger’s Case (1735): John Zenger, a printer, was put on trial because he wouldn’t reveal the names of anonymous writers who criticized the Governor of New York. When the jury refused to convict him, it became a key moment in the history of freedom of the press in the United States.

38. Modern Legal Protections: It took nearly 200 years for the U.S. Supreme Court to recognize anonymity as a part of free speech rights. For example, in 1958, the court ruled that the NAACP did not have to reveal its membership list to Alabama because it could lead to threats and retaliation against members. Challenges of Anonymity: Doxing: Sometimes, people use the Internet to find and share someone’s private information, like their home address, without permission. This is called doxing. An example is when a dentist who illegally killed a popular lion named Cecil in Zimbabwe was doxed, leading to threats and protests against him.

39. Anonymous Remailers: These are services that help people send emails without revealing their identity. While this can protect people’s privacy, it can also be misused for illegal activities like spamming or spreading harmful content. John Doe Lawsuits: When someone posts harmful or confidential information online anonymously, it can be hard to track them down. In such cases, the affected party can file a "John Doe" lawsuit. This is a legal action against an unknown person, allowing the plaintiff to ask the court for permission to find out the identity of the anonymous poster. However, courts are careful to balance the right to anonymous free speech with the need to hold people accountable for harmful actions.

40. Freedom of Expression Example Case: In California, a company tried to uncover the identities of anonymous people who criticized it online, claiming they were revealing company secrets. The court, however, decided that the comments were just negative opinions and protected by free speech. They ruled that the company’s desire to know the identities did not outweigh the individuals’ right to remain anonymous. Key Takeaway: While anonymity on the Internet is crucial for protecting free speech and privacy, it can also be misused. The law tries to balance these concerns by protecting anonymous speech but also allowing for actions against those who misuse it for harm.

41. Freedom of Expression Hate Speech Hate speech refers to any form of communication that attacks, demeans, or discriminates against a person or a group based on attributes such as race, religion, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or nationality. The key point is that hate speech often incites violence or hatred and can harm individuals or communities.

42. Examples of Hate Speech Racial Slurs: Using derogatory terms for people of a particular race. For instance, calling someone a derogatory name based on their race is hate speech because it demeans their racial identity. Religious Insults: Making statements that insult or degrade a person's religion. For example, posting on social media that all members of a particular religion are terrorists is hate speech because it unfairly targets and maligns a group based on their beliefs. Homophobic Remarks: Making negative comments about someone's sexual orientation. An example could be saying that all members of the LGBTQ+ community are immoral or should not have the same rights as others, which is hate speech because it attacks people based on their sexual identity. Gender-Based Hate: Discriminatory remarks against a particular gender. For example, stating that women are inherently inferior to men or advocating for violence against women is hate speech.

43. Freedom of Expression Impact of Hate Speech Hate speech can lead to real-world violence, social division, and psychological harm to those targeted. It often contributes to a toxic environment where marginalized groups feel unsafe or unwelcome. Now, to explain "Pornography on the Internet":

44. Freedom of Expression Pornography on the Internet Pornography refers to material (such as videos, images, or texts) that explicitly depicts sexual content for the purpose of sexual arousal. The Internet has made access to pornography easier, but it has also raised ethical and legal concerns.

45. Freedom of Expression Impact of Pornography While some argue that consensual adult pornography is a form of free expression, the negative impacts—especially when it comes to exploitation, addiction, and exposure to minors—are significant concerns. These issues often lead to debates about regulation and censorship on the Internet.

46. C RIT ICA L T HINK I NG EXERCI SE: F IL IN G A JOH N DOE L A W S U IT You are a young, recently graduated attorney working part-time as part of the re-election campaign team for your midsized city’s mayor. Several citizens have taken to writing strongly worded anonymous letters to the local newspaper voicing their dis- agreement over your candidate’s actions in her initial term as mayor. The campaign manager has suggested that you file John Doe lawsuits against the most vocal complainers as a warning to others of what they can expect if they are too vocal in their disagreement with the mayor. The goal is to intimidate others who might be inclined to write negative letters to the newspaper. Do you think this tactic will be successful? Why or why not?

47. Obscenity and Community Standards on the Internet Understanding the Issue: What's considered "obscene" can vary greatly depending on where you are. Some communities have stricter standards, while others might be more lenient. The challenge with the Internet is that content can reach everyone, everywhere, making it hard to decide whose standards should apply.

48. Real-Life Cases: Ashcroft v. ACLU: This case questioned whether online content should meet the standards of the strictest communities. The courts couldn't agree on whether to use local or national standards. United States v. Kilbride: Here, the court said that national standards should be used for judging obscene content online. United States v. Little: In contrast, this case stuck with local standards, showing that the issue is still unresolved.

49. Pornography in the Workplace The Problem: Companies need to be careful about employees accessing pornographic content at work. If an employee views porn at work, it could make others uncomfortable and even lead to legal issues, like sexual harassment claims. Example: Think about a coworker watching something inappropriate on their work computer. If another employee sees it and feels uncomfortable, they could sue the company for creating a hostile work environment.

50. Child Pornography and Legal Consequences Serious Issue: Child pornography is illegal and carries severe penalties. Simply possessing it can lead to years in prison, and those involved in creating or distributing it can face life sentences. Example: If someone is caught with child pornography, they could spend up to five years in prison. If they're involved in making or sharing it, they could face even harsher punishment. In some places, computer repair technicians are required by law to report any child pornography they find while fixing a computer.

51. Sexting Among Teens What’s Happening?: Sexting is when people send sexual messages, photos, or videos via their phones. It's common among teens, but it can lead to serious trouble. Example: Imagine a teenager sending a nude photo to their boyfriend or girlfriend. If that photo gets shared without their permission, it could lead to criminal charges, even for child pornography. Famous Cases: Public figures like Brett Favre and Anthony Weiner have been involved in sexting scandals that caused them a lot of embarrassment and legal problems.

52. CAN-SPAM Act and Pornographic Spam What It Does: The CAN-SPAM Act sets rules for sending commercial emails, including ones that might contain adult content. Example: Two men were found guilty of sending millions of pornographic spam emails. They tried to hide their identities by using fake return addresses and misleading subject lines, which is illegal under the act. They ended up with hefty fines and prison sentences.

53. Fake News and its Impact The Growing Problem: With more people getting their news online, it's become harder to tell what's real and what's fake. Fake news stories can spread quickly and cause a lot of confusion. Example: During the 2016 U.S. election, a fake news story claimed, "Pope Francis endorses Donald Trump." Many people believed it, even though it wasn't true. This shows how dangerous fake news can be, as it can easily mislead people and cause real harm. The Big Picture: Fake news often prioritizes speed and sensationalism over accuracy. While some online journalists work hard to provide reliable information, many sites focus on grabbing attention, which can lead to misunderstandings and chaos.