Unit 3_Lighting_Types of Lamps and Design Consideration.pdf

ABOUT INTERIOR LIGHTING

1. LIGHTING
AR406 -BUILDING SERVICES
Prepared by ArSruti R
UNIT 3Date: 30.06.2023

2. Prepared by ArSruti R
•Types of Electrical Lamps
•Design Consideration for Interior and Exterior Lighting
CONTENTS

3. LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Alampisanartificialsourceoflight.Lampisonekind
oflightsourcethatincludesanelementforlight-
emittinginatubeorouterbulbwhichnormally
generatesradiationinthevisiblespectrum.Andalso,
theterm‘bulb’isusedtorepresentalampbutitisan
externalglasspartthatincludesthelightsource.
Source: https://www.electrical4u.com/lamps-types-and-performance-comparison/
Fig 1. Types of electrical lamps
Artificialluminousradiationcanbeproducedfromelectricalenergyaccordingtotwoprinciples:
1.Incandescence:Itistheprincipleoflightviatemperatureelevation.Themostcommonexampleisafilamentheatedto
whitestatebythecirculationofanelectriccurrent.
2.Luminescence:Itisthephenomenonofemissionbyamaterialofvisibleoralmostvisibleluminousradiation.Agas
subjectedtoanelectricaldischargeemitsluminousradiation.Sincethisgasdoesnotconductatnormaltemperature
andpressure,thedischargeisproducedbygeneratingchargedparticleswhichpermitionizationofthegas.

4. TYPES OF ELECTRICAL LAMPS
Prepared by ArSruti R
Therearedifferenttypesoflampsavailableinthemarket
buttheirclassificationcanbedonebasedonmaterials
used,operatingprinciple&theirefficiencyofenergy.The
differenttypesoflampsincludethefollowing:
•Incandescent Lamps
•Tungsten Halogen Lamps
•Fluorescent Lamps
•Compact Fluorescent Lamps
•Mercury Vapour Lamps
•Metal Halide Lamps
•High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps
•Low Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps
•LED Lamps
•Neon Lamps
Source: https://www.electrical4u.com/lamps-types-and-performance-comparison/
Fig 1. Types of electrical lamps

5. INCANDESCENT LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Theincandescentlightorlampisanelectriclightsourcethatfunctionsthrough
incandescence,whichmeansthelightemissioncanbecausedthroughfilament
heating.
Theselampsaretheoriginalelectriclightingsandtheinventorofthislampis
ThomasEdison.Generally,theselampsaredesignedwithglassincludinga
tungstenfilament.Oncethecurrentsuppliesthroughthisfilament,itwillget
heatedandgeneratelight.
Thefilamentisenclosedinaglassbulbwithavacuumorinertgastoprotectthe
filamentfromoxidation.Currentissuppliedtothefilamentbyterminalsorwires
embeddedintheglass.Abulbsocketprovidesmechanicalsupportand
electricalconnections.
ThemanufacturingcostoftheselampsisverylowandworkswelloneitherACor
DC.Asaresult,theincandescentbulbbecamewidelyusedinhouseholdand
commerciallighting,forportablelightingssuchastablelamps,carheadlamps,
andflashlights,andfordecorativeandadvertisinglighting.
Source: https://codinghero.ai/types-of-electrical-lamps/
Fig 2. Incandescent Lamp

6. INCANDESCENT LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
The applications of the incandescent lamps are:
•Incandescent lamps are widely used in householdand commerciallightings.
•Other applications of the incandescent lamps include table lamps, hallway
lighting, accent lighting, closets, etc.
Source: https://codinghero.ai/types-of-electrical-lamps/
Fig 2. Incandescent Lamp

7. Prepared by Ar Sruti R
For
reference

8. FLUORESCENT LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Afluorescentlampisalowweightmercuryvapourlampthatuses
fluorescencetodelivervisiblelight.Anelectriccurrentinthegas
energizesmercuryvapourwhichdeliversultravioletradiationthrough
dischargeprocessandtheultravioletradiationcausesthephosphor
coatingofthelampinnerwalltoradiatevisiblelight.Afluorescentlamp
convertselectricalenergyintousefullightmuchmoreefficientlythanan
incandescentlamp.
Thetypicalluminousefficacyoffluorescentlightingsystemsis50–100
lumensperwatt,severaltimestheefficacyofincandescentbulbswith
comparablelightoutput.Forcomparison,theluminousefficacyofan
incandescentbulbmayonlybe16lumensperwatt.
Fluorescentlampfixturesaremorecostlythanincandescentlampsbut
theinitialcostisoffsetbyamuchlowerrunningcost.
Source: https://codinghero.ai/types-of-electrical-lamps/
Fig 3. Fluorescent Lamp

9. FLUORESCENT LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Some applications of the fluorescent lamps are:
•Fluorescent lamps can providelight output in large area, thus these
lamps are suitable for lighting in industrialapplications.
•Fluorescent lamps are used for lighting in officesas they provide
uniform light level.
•In residentialapplications.
•Fluorescent lamps are also used in classroomlighting and retail
lighting, etc.
Source: https://codinghero.ai/types-of-electrical-lamps/
Fig 3. Fluorescent Lamp

10. Prepared by ArSruti R
For
reference

11. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Acompactfluorescentlamp(CFL),alsocalled
compactfluorescentlight,energy-savinglight,and
compactfluorescenttube,isafluorescentlamp
designedtoreplaceanincandescentlightbulb;
sometypesfitintolightfixturesdesignedfor
incandescentbulbs.
Thelampsuseatubethatiscurvedorfoldedtofit
intothespaceofanincandescentbulb,anda
compactelectronicballastinthebaseofthelamp.
ACFLhasahigherpurchasepricethanan
incandescentlamp,butcansaveoverfivetimesits
purchasepriceinelectricitycostsoverthelamp’s
lifetime.Likeallfluorescentlamps,CFLscontain
toxicmercury,whichcomplicatestheirdisposal.
Source: https://codinghero.ai/types-of-electrical-lamps/
Fig 4. Compact Fluorescent Lamp

12. LED LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
LEDstandsforlightemittingdiode.LEDlightingproductsproducelight
upto90%moreefficientlythanincandescentlightbulbs.Anelectrical
currentpassesthroughamicrochip,whichilluminatesthetinylight
sourceswecallLEDsandtheresultisvisiblelight.Toprevent
performanceissues,theheatLEDsproduceisabsorbedintoaheat
sink.
LEDlightingdiffersfromincandescentandfluorescentinseveralways.
Whendesignedwell,LEDlightingismoreefficient,versatile,andlasts
longer.
LEDsare“directional”lightsources,whichmeanstheyemitlightina
specificdirection,unlikeincandescentandCFL,whichemitlightand
heatinalldirections.ThatmeansLEDsareabletouselightand
energymoreefficientlyinamultitudeofapplications.
CommonLEDcolorsincludeamber,red,green,andblue.
Source: https://www.123rf.com/photo_67378490_diagram-showing-the-parts-of-a-
modern-led-lamp-labeled.html
Fig 5. LED Lamp

13. LED LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
LED lamps are used in the following applications −
•For domesticand commerciallightings.
•Used as indicatinglamps.
•Used as bi-colourindicators.
•LED lamps are also used as fault indicators in control panels.
•In display boards.
•Used for decorativelighting.
•In mobile phone and wrist watches screens.
•Used as head lamps in automobiles.
Source: https://www.123rf.com/photo_67378490_diagram-showing-the-parts-of-a-
modern-led-lamp-labeled.html
Fig 5. LED Lamp

14. Prepared by ArSruti R
For
reference
https://youtu.be/9BDTtcRMxpA

15. NEON LIGHT
Prepared by ArSruti R
Neonlampsaregasdischargelampsthatcontainneongasatalowpressure,
envelopedinaglasscapsule.Gasdischargelampsemitlightwhenelectriclight
ispassedthroughthegas.Neonlampshavebeenusedwidelyinneonsign
boards.Theyprovideadistinctorangeglow.
Neonlampscontaineitherneongasoramixtureofneonandmercuryvapor.
Theyweredevelopedintheyear1917byDanielMoore.Colorsotherthanorange
canbeobtainedfromneonlampsbyusingdifferentphosphorsforcoatingthe
glasstube.
Aneonlampismadeofadischargetubefilledwith95.5%neongasand0.5%
argongas.Thetubehaselectrodessealedatbothends.
The applications of neon lamps are:
•Neon lamps are used as indicators such as red lights for hazardous warnings.
•Neon lamps are also used for advertising purposes.
•Neon lamps are used in display applications to show letters, numbers, etc.
•Neon lamps are used for decorative purposes. Source: https://www.amazon.in/pke-Neon-Lamp-Indicator-Pcs/dp/B06XNL1JWX
Fig 6. Neon Lamp

16. Prepared by ArSruti R
For
reference
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o38WhudDIH4

17. Prepared by ArSruti R
Basis of
Difference
Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp CFL Neon Lamp
LED Lamp
Principle of
operation
Heating effect of electric
current
Gas discharge (or ionization of
gas by electric current)
Gas discharge Emission of electrons Electro-luminescence
Color of light
emitted
Yellow White White Yellow Available in many colours
Production of
heat during
operation
More Less Moderate Moderate Least
Cost Less More More Less High
Need of
starting device
No Yes No Yes No
Starting timeStarts immediately
Requires some time, around 5
seconds
Starts immediately Requires small time Starts immediately
Lifespan 2000 hours 12000 hours 800 hours 25000 hours 50000 hours
Lamp Efficiency15 to 20 lumens/watt 50 to 60 lumens/watt 50 to 75 lumens/watt 50 to 65 lumens/watt 50 to 100 lumens/watt
Environmental
friendly
Yes No, as it has mercury contentNo, again due to toxic metals No Yes
Applications
Used for Residential and
other indoor lighting
Used for residential and
commercial lighting
Used for residential and
commercial lighting
Used for display applications and
indicators
Used for residential, commercial,
street and decorative lightings
Source:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/different-types-of-electric-lamps-and-their-features
Table 1. Lighting Characteristics

18. TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Thehalogenlampconsistsofatungstenfilamentenclosedinan
environmentofaninertgaslikeargonandasmallamountofa
halogenlikebromineoriodine.Thecombinationofthetungsten
filamentandthehalogenresultsinachemicalreaction
(calledregenerativecycleorhalogencycle).
Thisregenerativecycleincreasesthelifespanofthefilament.
Theworkingofthehalogenlampisbasedontheprincipleofthermal
radiator,i.e.lightisproducedbyheatingasolidtoaveryhigh
temperature.Thebrightnessoftheemittedlightisproportionaltothe
heatingtemperature.
Someapplicationsofthehalogenlampsare:
•Halogenlampsarewidelyusedinautomobilesasheadlamps.
•HalogenlampswereusedontheTimesSquareBall.
•Theyareusedasaninfraredlightsource.
•Halogenlampsarealsousedinstagelighting.
•Theselampsarealsousedasprojectionlampsinmotionpictures
andslideprojectors.
Fig 7. Halogen Lamp

19. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Asodiumvapourlampistypeofgas-dischargelampthatusessodium
(Na)inanexcitingconditiontoproducelightofthickbluecolour.
Asthesodiumvapourlampisalampoflowluminosity,itslengthis
large.Togetthedesiredlength,thesodiumvaporlampismadeinthe
formofaU-tube.Theyhavecomparativelylongerlife.Sodiumvapour
lampsworkeffectivelyinfoggyandrainyseason.
Someapplicationsofthesodiumvaporlampsare:
•Sodiumvapourlampsarewidelyusedforlightinginoutdoorareas
likeroadways,parkinglots,securityareas,airports,goodsyards,
etc.
•Toprovidelightinginindustries,thehighpressuresodiumvapour
lampsareused.
•Sodiumvapourlampsarealsousedforadvertisingpurposes.
Fig 8. Sodium Vapour Lamp

20. HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Agasdischargelampthatusesanelectricarcthroughthe
vapourisedmercurytoproducelightisknownasmercuryvapour
lamp.
Theyaremoreenergyefficientthanincandescentandfluorescent
lamps.
Ithasluminousefficaciesof35-65lumensperwatt.
Themainadvantageofthistypeoflampistheirlongbulblifetimein
therangeof24000hoursandahighintensity,clearwhitelight
output.
Someareasofapplicationsofthemercuryvaporlampsare:
•Inhouseholdslikegarage,storeroom,etc.
•Inindustrialareas
•Forstreetlightings
•Instairwells
•Insecurityareas,etc.
Fig 9. HP Mercury Vapour Lamp

21. METAL HALIDE LAMP
Prepared by ArSruti R
Ametalhalidelamp,alsocalledmercuryhalidelamp,isan
electriclampthatproduceslightbyanelectricarcthrougha
gaseousmixturevaporizedmercuryandmetalhalides.
Theyhavehighluminousefficacyofaround75-100lumens
perwattwhichisabouttwicethatofmercuryvapourlamps
and3-5timesthatofincandescentlampsandproducean
intensewhitelight.
Lamplifeis6000to15000hours.
Metalhalidelampsareusedinthefollowingapplications−
•Highbayinteriorlighting
•Domesticandcommerciallighting
•Sportsstadiumlighting
•Floodlighting,etc.
Fig 10. Metal Halide Lamp

22. Prepared by ArSruti R
Basis of
Difference
Sodium Vapour Lamp Mercury Vapour Lamp Halogen Lamp Metal Halide Lamp LASER Lamp
Principle of
operation
Gas discharge Gas discharge Heating effect of electric
current
Production of electric arc through
gaseous mixture
Light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation
Color of light
emitted
Pale yellow Diffused white
Yellow Yellow Available in many colours
Production of
heat during
operation
Moderate Moderate
High Moderate More
Cost More More More More High
Need of
starting device
Yes Yes
No No No
Starting timeRequires some time, around
10 minutes
Requires some time
Starts immediately
Requires some time (around 3 to 5
seconds)
Starts immediately
Lifespan 20000 to 30000 hours Around 24000 hours 2000 hours 10000 to 20000 hours
Depends upon type of LASER
lamp and application
Lamp Efficiency80 to 150 lumens/watt 28 to 50 lumens/watt 22 to 33 lumens/watt 60 to 115lumens/watt
Depends upon the types of
LASER lamp
Environmental
friendly
Yes No, due to presence of mercury
Yes No (due to mercury) Yes
ApplicationsUsed for street lightingUsed for street and garden
lightings
Used for flood lighting and
outdoor lighting
Used for flood lighting, Sports
stadiums, High bay interior
Used for medical instruments,
metal process industries, media
lighting, etc.
Source:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/different-types-of-electric-lamps-and-their-features
Table 2. Lighting Characteristics

23. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R

24. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
TaskIlluminance:
Itdescribestheamountoflight
fallingonasurface.Ithastwo
components.
•AmountofLight(basedon
usageormultipleusageofa
space)
•Ifthesurfaceishorizontal-
horizontalilluminance;ifthe
surfaceisvertical-vertical
illuminance;Some tasks
thoughareatanangle,such
asreadingabookinahospital
bed.
LightingQuality:
Lightingprofoundlyaffectsmany
human reactionstothe
environment.Thesehuman
reactionsrangefromtheobvious,
suchasthedramaticbeautyof
anilluminatedlandmarkorthe
emotionalresponseofa
candlelightdinner,tosubtle
impactsonworkerproductivityin
officesorsalesinretailstores.

25. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
AmbientLighting
Alsocalledgenerallighting,ambientlightingprovides
overallilluminationforaroom,andisintendedtocreatea
uniformlightlevelthroughoutaspace,independentofany
speciallightingthatmaybeneededintargetedareasofa
room.Inmosthomesettings,whenapersonstepsintoa
roomandflipsonaswitch,ambientlightingilluminatesthe
space.
Source: https://vibia.com/en/ambient-task-and-accent-lighting-101/
Fig 11. Ambient Lighting
There are several types of ambient lighting:
•Ceiling-mounted or recessed fixtures that direct light
downwards
•Wall sconces and floor lamps, which wash the walls
and/or ceiling with light
•Cove lighting, floor lamps and pendants that bounce light
off ceilings and walls

26. Examples of task lighting include:
• Recessed and track lighting
• Pendants
• Under-cabinet lighting
• Floor, desk and table lamps
• Bathroom vanity lights
Task lighting is key in the kitchen, where under-cabinet lighting or pendants increase visibility on
countertops and food preparation areas. Table and floor lamps provideuseful task lightingin living
areas and bedrooms, and can reinforce the room’s desired design style.
LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
TaskLighting
Targetedtoaparticularareaofaroom,tasklightingis
intendedtoilluminateaspecificfunction.Thisdirect,
intenseilluminationisidealfordetailedtaskwork,suchas
readingandwritingatadesk,grooming,andpreparing
food.It’sfocusedontheparticularareawherethetaskis
performedandisbrighterthanambientlighting.Effective
tasklightingisglarefreeandstrongenoughtoprevent
eyestrain.
Source: https://vibia.com/en/ambient-task-and-accent-lighting-101/
Fig 12. Task Lighting

27. Common accent lights include:
• Wall lights
• Recessed spot lighting
• Track lighting
• Wall-mounted picture lights
Accent lighting differs from the other types of lighting in that its primary objective is aesthetic, creating a point
of interest for the viewer. It adds styleand dramato a space, and is especially suited to living and garden
areas, entrances, and anywhere the goal is to display special features. Recessed ceiling lights, track lights or
wall-mounted luminaires are very effective in living or common areas as they can be angled and directed to
create a highlight.
LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
AccentLighting
Intendedtohighlightaspecificobjectorarea,accent
lightsaretypicallythreetimesasbrightasambientlights.
Accentlightingdrawsattentiontoafeature,suchas
artwork,furnishingsorarchitecturaldetails,converting
themintofocalpoints.Adjustablefittingsarepreferredfor
thistypeoflighting,astheyallowprecisionfocusingon
smallareasorobjects.
Source: https://vibia.com/en/ambient-task-and-accent-lighting-101/
Fig 13. Accent Lighting

28. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
DaylightingIntegrationintheLightingDesign
Daylightingistheuseofwindows,skylightsandotherformsof
fenestrationtobringlightintotheinteriorsofbuildings.
ComponentsofDaylight:
•Direct Sunlight-Light received directly from Sun. Excessively
bright, produces glare and contrast, introduce heat and UV
radiation.
•Skylight–Sunlight diffusing and scattering through various
states of our atmosphere different qualities depending on
time of day, time of year, weather and atmospheric
conditions.
•Diffused Sunlight-Sunlight after its interaction with some
sort of diffusing materials manageable source of light.
Source: https://thearchspace.com/day-lighting/
Fig 14. Components of Daylight

29. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
Day Lighting Devices
1.Windows
a.Window designand sizing.
b.Horizontalwindowsprovide maximumand evenillumination, day
lighting will penetrate well into a space.
c.Largewindowsmaximizedaylightand provide uninterrupted views
of the city/landscape surroundings.
d.Clerestorywindowsallow daylight deepinto space, also illuminates
the roof and provide views of the sky and clouds.
e.The clear glass gives importance to the view outside, especially in
residential projects.
f.Triple glazed windows to reduce solar internal gain and energy
efficiency.
2.Roof lights/Skylights
i.Incorporatingskylight/roof lightsfor a good amount of light
penetrationinto the interiorspace. Domesand Glazed domes were
a part of day lighting strategy in the earlier days.
ii.Providinglight wellsthat penetrate from the ceiling to the inner
spaces.
d
b
i
i
ii
c

30. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
Light Pollution/ Light Trespass
In outdoorlighting, electric light may illuminate adjacent
properties which become offensive if unwantedis known as light
trespass.
Electric lights emitting light upward or reflecting light upward
cause a condition called light pollution which causes moisture
and particles in the air to glow at night.
Several steps to minimise light pollution & light trespass:
•Use night lighting only when and where necessary
•LEDsand compact fluorescents (CFLs) can help reduce
energy use and protect the environment, but only warm-
colored bulbs should be used.
•Dimmers, motion sensors and timerscan help to reduce
average illumination levels and save even more energy.
•Outdoor lighting fixtures that shieldthe light source to
minimize glare and light trespass help prevent light pollution.

31. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
Light Pollution/ Light Trespass
In outdoorlighting, electric light may illuminate adjacent
properties which become offensive if unwantedis known as light
trespass.
Electric lights emitting light upward or reflecting light upward
cause a condition called light pollution which causes moisture
and particles in the air to glow at night.
Several steps to minimise light pollution & light trespass:
•Use night lighting only when and where necessary
•LEDsand compact fluorescents (CFLs) can help reduce
energy use and protect the environment, but only warm-
colored bulbs should be used.
•Dimmers, motion sensors and timerscan help to reduce
average illumination levels and save even more energy.
•Outdoor lighting fixtures that shieldthe light source to
minimize glare and light trespass help prevent light pollution.
Source: https://imgur.com/a/x84vq
Fig 15. Acceptable/ Unacceptable
Lighting Fixtures

32. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
Space and Workplace Considerations, including:
• Flexibility
• Appearance of the space and luminaries
• Color appearance
• Luminance of room surfaces
• Direct glare
• Reflective glare
Source: https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/An%20Introduction%20to%20Interior%20Lighting%20Design%20R1.pdf
Fig 17. Office Lighting-Example
Source: https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/An%20Introduction%20to%20Interior%20Lighting%20Design%20R1.pdf
Fig 16. Office Lighting-Example
Reference Book:
Introduction to Interior Lighting Design
-J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/An%20Introduction%20to%20Interior%
20Lighting%20Design%20R1.pdf

33. LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Prepared by ArSruti R
Energy Efficiency
Energy-efficient lighting design focuses on ways to improve both the quality and efficiency of lighting.
•Match the amount and quality of light to the performed function.
•Install task lights where needed and reduce ambient light elsewhere.
•Use only energy-efficient lighting components, controls and systems. These include Fluorescent and LED
lighting options.
•Maximize the use of daylighting. Daylighting is the use of windows and skylights to bring natural light into
your home.
•Use of Daylight
•Energy Efficiency
•Incorporate proper lighting controls-Infrared sensors, Motion sensors, Automatic timers, Dimmers,
Replacement with energy efficient lamps

34. Prepared by Ar Sruti R
REFERENCE VIDEOS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6P-adLrXBI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDZX0aBBCLo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o38WhudDIH4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BDTtcRMxpA

35. Prepared by ArSruti R