Unit 3 Presentation got ap human- 2025 (2).pptx

Aphuman powerpoint on the topic of culture

1. Cultural Patterns + Processes Unit 3

2. Unit 3 Big Ideas How does where people live and what resources they have access to impact their cultural practices? How does the interaction of people contribute to the spread of cultural practices? How and why do cultural ideas, practices, and innovations change or disappear over time?

3. 3.1 Introduction to Culture

4. 3.1 Essential Knowledge PSO 3A1- Culture comprises the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society. PSO 3A2- Cultural traits include such things as food preferences, architecture, and land use. PSO 3A3- Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are different attitudes toward cultural difference.

5. 3.1 Learning Objectives Define the characteristics, attitudes, and traits that influence geographers when they study culture.

6. Culture Culture is made up of shared actions, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors. Cultural Traits: The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture. Cultural Complex: The group of traits that define a particular culture. Origins of Cultures Culture Hearth : Where a culture originated taboos→ behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture PSO 3A1

7. Culture V. Folk Culture VI. Popular Culture Beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, who live in relative isolation Homogenous: same local, traditional; indigenous (native) groups are likely to practice folk or local cultural traditions AKA Pop Culture Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics Heterogeneous: different Frequently originates in more developed regions Frequently spread by globalization Globalization: increased connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world PSO 3A1

8. II. Cultural Traits Cultural Traits : The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture. PSO 3A2

9. II. Cultural Traits Clothing Folk clothing may reflect environmental or cultural factors, including religious tradition. burqa/chador Popular clothing reflects occupation and income. FOLK POP PSO 3A2

10. II. Cultural Traits B. Food Folk Food Folk culture food often reflects adaptation to the environment. Taboos- food restrictions due to religious beliefs and practices. Pop Food Pop culture food is often less unique and seen across the globe. Coca Cola McDonalds Pop culture food can reflect certain regional difference s using locally made/grown ingredients alterin g recipes to accommodate cultural backgrounds i) Using chicken instead of beef for McDonalds sandwiches in India, where eating beef is taboo. PSO 3A2

11. II. Cultural Traits C . Architecture Folk Housing: often reflects adaptation to the environment. E nvironmental influences: choice of building materials, climate considerations cultural influences: beliefs about shape and orientation of house (e.g. feng shui) Pop Housing: often less unique and seen across the globe. Decreased regional distinctiveness Rapid communication Transportation Houses built by companies Mass-produced Reflect time period rather than regional influence (ex: shiplap) FOLK POP PSO 3A2

12. II. Cultural Traits II. Space-time compression: As technology improves, the amount of TIME it takes for an idea/person/good to travel across SPACE becomes COMPRESSED. III. Globalization + Popular Culture Globalization: intensified interaction among peoples, governments, and companies of different countries around the globe. Popular culture→ clothing, music, movies, types of businesses, and built landscape when spread quickly over a large area Frequently begins in urban areas→ diffuse quickly through media EX: TikTok trends, Fortnite, Disney+ PSO 3A2

13. III. Cultural Responses Cultural relativism : the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Ethnocentrism : evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. PSO 3A3

14. 3.1 Check for Understanding Describe the relationship between cultural traits and cultural complexes. Compare and contrast folk and popular culture. How does space-time compression contribute to the diffusion of popular culture?

15. 3.2 Cultural Landscape

16. 3.2 Essential Knowledge PSO 3B1- Cultural landscapes are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns. PSO 3C1- Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods; and indigenous communities and lands help shape the use of space in a given society.

17. 3.2 Learning Objectives Describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes. Explain how landscape features and land and resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities.

18. I. Cultural Landscape Cultural landscape: visible reflection of a culture, or the built environment Anything that humans add to the landscape. Architectural styles Toponyms Signs Element Area Significance Signage Quebec Bilingual signs in French and English reflect the desire of French Canadians to retain their heritage Schools Pakistan Gender-segregated schools reflect attitudes toward male and female roles Office Buildings Shanghai Massive skyscrapers reflect economic power and a desire to have businesses in a central, well-known location PSO 3B1

19. I. Cultural Landscape II. Ethnic Enclaves Clusters of people in the same culture/ethnic group create communities surrounded by communities made of the region’s dominant culture/ethnic group. Enclaves often include houses, stores, places of worship, signs in traditional language and architecture that reflects the ethnic group’s culture Often an attempt by minority ethnic group to create a buffer/support system against discrimination III. Borders/Barriers Often mark transitions between cultures PSO 3B1

20. I. Cultural Landscape IV. Realms Cultural realms are large cultural areas that include several regions Typically share language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, and shared history PSO 3B1

21. I. Cultural Landscape V. Religion and the landscape Physical Landscape Shintoism - mountains, rocks, bodies of water are homes to spirits Judaism, Christianity, Islam - Mt. Sinai is a sacred site Jerusalem (Israel), Mecca (Saudi Arabia), Lhasa (Tibet) are cities that act as sacred locations to a variety of religions Cultural Landscape Spaces used for memorials for the dead Restaurants and food markets reflect cultural food preferences and foods approved by religions Signs often written in language that reflects ethnic heritage of a group PSO 3B1

22. I. Cultural Landscape V. Religion and the landscape C. Christianity Places of worship: churches and cathedrals (often with a tall steeple and a cross) Church/cathedral designs reflect the importance of the environment. Ex: climate- domed roofs in warm climates and peaked roofs in snowy climates ex: building materials The dead usually buried in cemeteries D. Buddhism Nature is treated as a place of meditation Sacred structures include stupas - represent the elements The dead are cremated or buried. PSO 3B1

23. I. Cultural Landscape V. Religion and the landscape E. Islam Place of worship is a mosque (usually located at the center of a town/city) Mosques are surrounded by minarets (daily prayer called from minaret) The dead are usually buried F. Judaism Places of worship include synagogues and temples Burial of the dead performed before sundown on the day following the death PSO 3B1

24. I. Cultural Landscape V. Religion and the landscape G. Hinduism Place of worship: temples (with elaborate carvings on exterior) Many shrines/temples found in India Sacred sites include the Ganges River The dead are usually cremated H. Shintoism Nature is considered a place of worship Torii are gateways to places of worship PSO 3B1

25. II. Cultured Spaces Gendered Spaces Many spaces are designed to serve a specific gender/gender role Traditionally, homes were considered the domain of women and woman’s work Gender-specific roles are diminishing as pop culture diffuses Ethnic Landscape (similar to Cultural Landscape) Ethnic Enclaves in rural areas form ethnic islands (these groups have less interaction with other groups than groups that settle within cities Ethnic Enclaves in urban areas form ethnic neighborhoods (ethnic neighborhoods may be home to different ethnic groups over time) Sequent Occupancy describes the flow of ethnic groups moving into and out of neighborhoods, each leaving a unique cultural imprint on the landscape PSO 3C1

26. 3.2 Check for Understanding How does the landscape reflect different cultural groups or cultural traits? How are religious practices reflected in the cultural landscape? Describe the relationship between ethnic islands, ethnic neighborhoods, and sequent occupancy.

27. 3.3 Cultural Patterns

28. 3.3 Essential Knowledge PSO 3D1- Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance placemaking, and shape the global cultural landscape. PSO 3D2- Language, ethnicity, and religion are factors in creating centripetal and centrifugal forces.

29. 3.3 Learning Objectives Explain patterns and landscapes of language, religion, ethnicity, and gender.

30. I. Distribution of Language Classifying Languages Institutional Language - used in education, work, mass media, and government Threatened Language - used for face-to-face communication, losing speakers Dying Language - used by older generations, not being diffused to younger generations/new speakers Official Language - designated by the government Can reflect homogeneity (Iceland, Japan, Slovenia) Can reflect power over multiple nations/ethnicities (United Kingdom) Can respect/honor multiple ethnic groups (Zimbabwe has 16 OL) PSO 3D1

31. I. Distribution of Language II. Language Tree - reflects the diffusion and transformation of languages over time Trunks = Language Family Branches = Language Groups + Language Branches Leaves = Languages PSO 3D1

32. III. Language Branches 4 most-spoken language branches Romance: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian Germanic: German, English, Dutch Indo-Iranian: Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Hindi Balto-Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian I. Distribution of Language PSO 3D1

33. II. Distribution of Religions Universalizing Religions Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism Religions that appeal to people regardless of ethnic background, actively seek converts, and have diffused globally Ethnic Religions Hinduism, Animism, Judaism, Shintoism Religions that appeal primarily to people that belong to a specific ethnic group, do NOT seek converts, and rarely diffuse very far from the religious hearth (origin) PSO 3D1

34. II. Distribution of Religions Christianity Europe, North + South America, Southern Africa, and Australia Islam Central, South, + Southeast Asia, and Northern Africa Buddhism East + Southeast Asia Sikhism South Asia Hinduism South Asia (India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) Animism Indigenous Peoples Judaism Israel and USA Shintoism Japan PSO 3D1

35. III. Centripetal + Centrifugal Forces Centripetal Forces: forces that unite/unify people Shared religion - Roman Catholicism in Latin America Common language - Japanese Centrifugal Forces: forces that divide people Belgium - divided by religion and language Israel - Christian, Muslim, and Jewish influences create conflict Canada - English and French in different regions PSO 3D2

36. 3.3 Check for Understanding What are the 2 most-spoken language families? Compare and contrast universalizing and ethnic religions. How do language and religion act as centripetal and centrifugal forces?

37. 3.4 Types of Diffusion

38. 3.4 Essential Knowledge IMP 3A1- Relocation and expansion—including contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus expansion—are types of diffusion.

39. 3.4 Learning Objectives Define the types of diffusion.

40. Types of Diffusion Diffusion - the spread of a cultural trait from an origin or hearth Two main categories of diffusion: Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Expansion Relocation IMP 3A1

41. B. Relocation Diffusion refers to the spread of a cultural trait by migrants who relocate and physically take their cultural traits with them. Examples: Diffusion of pizza from Italy to the US by immigrants in the 1800s Diffusion of European culture starting during the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance Diffusion of Hinduism from India to the US I. Types of Diffusion IMP 3A1

42. C. Expansion Diffusion refers to the spread of a cultural trait in an outward flow from the trait’s hearth or origin. Can be classified in 4 ways: Contagious Hierarchical Reverse-Hierarchical Stimulus I. Types of Diffusion Types of Diffusion Relocation Expansion Contagious Stimulus Reverse-Hierarchical Hierarchical IMP 3A1

43. Contagious Diffusion refers to diffusion of a cultural trait very quickly and from person to person. Examples: TikTok Trends - dances, challenges, etc. Globalized consumer goods - Nike, blue jeans, smart phones, etc. Rap music – Originating in the Bronx, New York, rap music quickly spread across the U.S. and globally, influencing culture and music worldwide. I. Types of Diffusion IMP 3A1

44. b) Hierarchical Diffusion refers to the “top-down” diffusion of cultural traits or trends beginning with a person, group, or region seen as an expert or authority. Examples: Fashion trends - begin with designers or celebrities whose opinions on fashion are trusted or respected Religions - governments or political power can influence a group of subjects to convert to/follow a specific religion Cell phones - first only owned by the wealthiest individuals, now used by all I. Types of Diffusion IMP 3A1

45. c ) Reverse-Hierarchical Diffusion refers to the “bottom-up” diffusion of a cultural trait or trend beginning with a group of people who are not looked to for their opinions or expertise. Examples: Tattoos - traditionally seen as taboo, only worn by people who served in the military or associated with a gang/organized crime; now tattoos are very common regardless of social standing Walmart - first only accessible in poor/rural areas, now can be found in almost every city throughout the US I. Types of Diffusion IMP 3A1

46. d ) Stimulus Diffusion refers to the diffusion of a core idea; however, as the cultural trait or idea spreads, groups will modify the trait or idea to fit their cultural preferences. Examples: McDonalds - can be found in countries around the world; menu items are different depending on cultural preferences or dietary restrictions Streaming services – The concept of streaming, popularized by platforms like Netflix, has been adapted by various regions. For example, India’s Hotstar or South Korea's Viki offer content and features specific to local audiences, including regional shows and movies that reflect cultural preferences. I. Types of Diffusion IMP 3A1

47. 3.4 Check for Understanding Compare and contrast relocation and expansion diffusion. Identify the 4 categories of expansion diffusion. Provide an example of relocation, expansion, contagious, hierarchical, reverse-hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion.

48. 3.5 Historical Causes of Diffusion

49. 3.5 Essential Knowledge SPS 3A1- Interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces can lead to new forms of cultural expression; for example, creolization and lingua franca. SPS 3A2- Colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture.

50. 3.5 Learning Objectives Explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns.

51. Creolization - the process in which, over time, two or more separate languages can mix and develop a new language with a formal structure and vocabulary Examples: Afrikaans - South African creole that combines Dutch + several European and African languages Gullah or Geechee Formed amongst South Carolina and Georgia islands Similar to Caribbean Creoles, Gullah/Geechee were a result of lack of common language amongst enslaved peoples and exposure to several European languages Swahili Commonly used throughout the Eastern Coast of Africa Formed as a combination of Bantu languages and Arabic in order to create a common language for trade One of the world’s earliest Lingua Francas I. New Forms of Cultural Expression SPS 3A1

52. SPS 3A1

53. II. Pidgin Languages - a simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a smaller vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group (LESS COMPLEX than a creole language) Examples: Papua New Guinea - combines Papuan and English Spanglish - combines English and Spanish I. New Forms of Cultural Expression SPS 3A1

54. I. New Forms of Cultural Expression III. Dialect - regional variations of a language created by variations in accent, grammar, usage, + spelling Often separated by an isogloss - the boundaries (real or imaginary) between variations in pronunciations of word usage Exist within the same language Dialects are NOT ACCENTS. Accents are variations in pronunciation. Dialects have more complex differences including word usage, spelling, grammar, etc. SPS 3A1

55. IV. Lingua Franca - a language used by speakers with different native languages for the purpose of business or trade English as a Lingua Franca Diffused through English colonization and imperialism. Globalization of international companies based in English-speaking countries. New tv shows and movies are often filmed in English. Technology, social media, and websites are often coded in English. Military bases located throughout the world encourage use of English. Examples: English - global use Arabic - used throughout North Africa and the Middle East Swahili - used throughout countries along the Eastern coast of Africa Spanish - used throughout Central and Latin America French - Western Europe and Northern + Western Africa I. New Forms of Cultural Expression SPS 3A1

56. Colonialism - creation of colonies throughout the world diffused cultural traits Spanish and Roman Catholicism diffused from Spain to Central and South America English and Protestant Christianity diffused from England to the US and Canada French diffused from France to modern-day Quebec Imperialism - exploitation of regions throughout the world for resources, trade routes, and forced labor diffused cultural traits French, Dutch, English, German, and Spanish diffused to various regions in Africa Islam and Christianity diffused to regions in Africa, replacing traditional animistic religions. Global Trade - modern global trade strengthens and reinforces cultural traits such as English as a lingua franca and the growth of universalizing religions II. Historical Causes of Diffusion Colonialism Imperialism SPS 3A2

57. 3.5 Check for Understanding Compare and contrast creole and pidgin languages. Identify and describe 3 factors that contribute to English being the most-spoken global lingua franca. How did colonialism and imperialism lead to the diffusion of cultural traits? How does modern global trade continue to diffuse cultural traits?

58. 3.6 Contemporary Causes of Diffusion

59. 3.6 Essential Knowledge SPS 3A3- Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as urbanization and globalization. These processes come to bear on culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships. SPS 3A4- Communication technologies, such as the internet and the time-space convergence, are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people; changing cultural practices, as in the increasing use of English and the loss of indigenous languages; and creating cultural convergence and divergence.

60. 3.6 Learning Objectives Explain how historical processes impact current cultural patterns.

61. Cultural Ideas, Practices, + Processes Urbanization - the long-term building and development of cities/urban areas. This is an ongoing process that does not end once a city is formed. As cities grow and develop, cultural traits impact and are impacted by urbanization. Globalization - the strengthening of connections between distant places. Space-time compression influences the process of globalization. Globalization allows for global diffusion of cultural traits - usually pop culture traits. Urbanization and Globalization impact culture through Media Technology Economic + Social Relationships SPS 3A3

62. II. Communication Technologies Space-time compression - As technology improves, the amount of time it takes for ideas to diffuse across a space becomes smaller (compressed). Technologies that impact space-time compression and diffuse culture include… Internet/Social Media Movies/Film Economic activity and interaction. Social activity and interaction. International migration and movement SPS 3A4

63. II. Communication Technologies II. Communication technologies have led to… Increasing use of English Loss of indigenous languages Cultural Convergence - the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase. Ex: Parents/communities ENCOURAGE their children to learn English in order to participate in international communication and movement. Cultural Divergence - when a culture or cultural trait intentionally separates or resists the influence of another culture Ex: Parents/communities DISCOURAGE their children from learning English in order to preserve folk/traditional languages SPS 3A4

64. II. Communication Technologies III. Access to communication technologies vary from place to place due to censorship often endorsed by governments. Technology or websites may be limited or outright banned Internet content may be censored or filtered Users of banned technology or content may be harassed or punished SPS 3A4

65. 3.6 Check for Understanding How do urbanization and globalization influence the diffusion of culture? How do communication technologies influence the global diffusion of English? How does access to communication technologies vary from place to place?

66. 3.7 Diffusion of Religion + Language

67. 3.7 Essential Knowledge IMP 3B1- Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths. IMP 3B2- Diffusion of language families, including Indo-European, and religious patterns and distributions can be visually represented on maps, in charts and toponyms, and in other representations. IMP 3B3- Religions have distinct places of origin from which they diffuse to other locations through different processes. Practices and belief systems impacted how widespread the religion diffused. IMP 3B4- Universalizing religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism, are spread through expansion and relocation diffusion. IMP 3B5- Ethnic religions, including Hinduism and Judaism, are generally found near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion.

68. 3.7 Learning Objectives Explain what factors lead to the diffusion of universalizing and ethnic religions.

69. Diffusion of Language Distribution of Indo-European Branches Germanic Branch - includes English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, + Icelandic Spoken primarily in NW Europe and North America Indo-Iranian Branch - includes Hindi and Persian Includes the most speakers of the Indo-European language family Spoken primarily in South Asia Balto-Slavic Branch - includes Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Serbo-Croatian Spoken primarily in Eastern Europe Romance Branch - includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, + Italian Spoken primarily in SW Europe and Latin America Evolved from Latin spoken by the Romans 2000 years IMP 3B1 + IMP 3B2

70. Diffusion of Language II. Origin of Indo-European Branches It is theorized that Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages all evolved from a common ancestral language called Proto-Indo-European Linguists and anthropologists debate when and where the Proto-Indo-European language originated and how it diffused IMP 3B1 + IMP 3B2

71. Diffusion of Language III. Origin of English Modern English has evolved from language spoken by 3 Germanic tribes invading the British Isles Angles from Southern Denmark, Jutes from Northern Denmark, Saxons from Northwestern Germany Over time, others invaded England and influenced basic English Vikings from Scandinavia Normans from present-day Normandy in France Adopted words include Kindergarten, angst, noodle, and pretzel (from Germany/Denmark - Germanic tribes) Take, they, reindeer, window (from Norway - Vikings) Renaissance, mansion, village, and guardian (from France - Normans) IMP 3B1 + IMP 3B2

72. Diffusion of Language IV. Diffusion of English Colonialism and Imperialism by England diffused English to colonies around the world. English is an official language in many former British colonies IMP 3B1 + IMP 3B2

73. II. Diffusion of Religion Universalizing religions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism) are spread through expansion and relocation diffusion. Ethnic religions are very unlikely to diffuse far from their cultural hearths Ethnic religions do not utilize missionaries. Diffusion of universalizing religions threatens the strength and influence of ethnic religions. Ethnic religions only diffuse through relocation diffusion (Hinduism in the US) Judaism is an exception Romans forced Jews to leave their homeland - leading to a Jewish diaspora: relocation of an ethnic or culture group away from a homeland Diasporas are often the result of forced relocation (African diaspora is a result of slavery) As a result of the Jewish diaspora Many Jews have lived among other nationalities throughout global history Other nationalities have mistreated Jewish communities Jews were/are often forced to live within poor ethnic enclaves (ghettos) Jews were targeted through Central Europe during WWII/Holocaust Only 10% of the world’s 14 million Jews still live in Europe IMP 3B3, IMP 3B4, + IMP 3B5

74. II. Diffusion of Religion III. When Universalizing and Ethnic religions occupy the same space, they can influence one another Syncretism describes the blending of cultural traits to create new, unique cultural practices Example: Christianity mixed with traditional African religions IMP 3B3, IMP 3B4, + IMP 3B5

75. 3.7 Check for Understanding Describe the diffusion of languages within the Indo-European language family. Compare and contrast the diffusion of universalizing and ethnic religions. Why is Judaism an exception to trends we observe regarding the diffusion of other ethnic religions?

76. 3.8 Effects of Diffusion

77. 3.8 Essential Knowledge SPS 3B1- Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism are effects of the diffusion of culture.

78. 3.8 Learning Objectives Explain how the process of diffusion results in changes to the cultural landscape.

79. Effects of Diffusion Acculturation - when a person or group adopts SOME cultural traits of a dominant culture while maintaining some of their own cultural traits Cuban culture is very prominent in Miami, Florida Many people in India speak English as a result of former British occupation Assimilation - when a person or group sheds its own cultural complex in the process of adopting the cultural complex of the dominant group The person/group’s own culture can no longer be distinguished Often happens as an attempt to blend in or avoid discrimination Ec: Indigenous children in the US and Canada were forced into boarding schools in order to force assimilation into American/Canadian culture Assimilation Acculturation SPS 3B1

80. Effects of Diffusion III. Syncretism - the blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new trait The blending of Buddhism as a philosophy and other traditional religions The blending of Christianity and traditional religions in Africa Similarities between Greek and Roman gods The blending of Bantu and Arabic to create the creole language Swahili IV. Multiculturalism - the belief that different cultures in a society deserve equal value and respect for differences (a “mixed salad” rather than a “melting pot”) Zimbabwe having 16 different official languages to honor the diversity in ethnic groups A school system having student holidays for both Christian and Jewish holidays SPS 3B1

81. Effects of Diffusion V. Cultural Preservation - the intentional practice of maintaining cultural heritage for the benefit of present and future generations Canada only allows new immigrants to Quebec to attend French-speaking schools in order to preserve French and prevent encroachment of English in Quebec Gaelic is being taught in all public schools in the Republic of Ireland in order to preserve the language and protect its existence from the diffusion of English Multilingual states respect a variety of languages to encourage cultural preservation Some threatened or extinct languages are being “revived” through intentional programs (Hebrew and Gaelic) SPS 3B1

82. 3.8 Check for Understanding Compare and contrast acculturation and assimilation. Provide 3 examples of syncretism. How are some cultural groups attempting to preserve cultural traditions?

83. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Christianity Hearth: Israel/Middle East, Jerusalem, Judea Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic 3 Branches - Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Holy Text - Bible Global Adherents/Followers: 2.2 Billion Sacred Sites: Mount Sinai, Jerusalem Place of worship: Church, Cathedral Method of Diffusion: Relocation, Expansion, and Hierarchical Diffusion Regions of Influence : North America, South America, Australia, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa Basic Beliefs: Jesus is a prophet/messiah The Ten Commandments provide guidance for daily life and behavior Heaven and Hell are part of the afterlife

84. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Islam Hearth: Mecca, Saudi Arabia Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic 2 Sects - Sunni (~80%), Shia (~20%) Holy Text - Quran Global Adherents: 1.8 Billion Sacred Sites: Mt. Sinai, Mecca Place of worship: Mosque Regions of Influence: Northern Africa, Middle East, Oceania Method of Diffusion: Relocation, Expansion, and Hierarchical Diffusion Basic Beliefs: 5 Pillars guide daily life and behaviors Muhammad is the last and greatest prophet

85. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Buddhism Hearth: South Asia Neither Monotheistic or Polytheistic Often practices as a philosophy rather than a religion Universalizing or Ethnic 3 Branches - Mahayana, Theravada, Vajrayana Holy text: n/a Global Adherents: 400 Million Sacred sites: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar Place of worship: Temple, Stupas Regions of Influence: East and Southeast Asia Method of Diffusion: Relocation, Expansion, and Hierarchical Diffusion Basic Beliefs: Reincarnation 4 Noble Truths and the 8-Fold Path guide daily life and behaviors Buddhists work to reach enlightenment

86. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Hinduism Hearth: India, Indus River Valley Monotheistic or Polytheistic Many Hindus worship several deities Others view the many deities as different manifestations of a single deity Universalizing or Ethnic Branches: Vaishnavism and Shaivism, each of which includes different sects Holy text: collection of religious writings Global Adherents: 1.5 Billion Sacred Sites: Kashi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Dwarka, Kanchipuram, Ujjain, and Haridwar Place of worship: Temple Regions of Influence: South Asia Method of Diffusion: Relocation Basic Beliefs: Reincarnation Ancient religious texts, vedas, influence the practice of Hinduism Use of a caste system as a way to categorize members of society Each caste has its own darma (purpose in life) Performing your darma well will result in good karma, potentially improving your caste in your next life

87. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Judaism Hearth: Jerusalem Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic 3 Branches - Freeform, Conservative, Orthodox Place of worship: Temple, Synagogues Holy Text - Torah Global Adherents: 14 Million Sacred Sites: Mt. Sinai and Jerusalem Method of Diffusion: Relocation (Jewish diaspora) Regions of Influence: Israel Basic Beliefs: The Ten Commandments provide guidance for daily life and behavior

88. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Shintoism Hearth: Japan Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic Branches: Shrine, Sect, and Folk Holy text: collection of ancient teachings Global Adherents: 3 Million Sacred sites: Ise Grand Shrine Place of worship: Shrines, Torii Gates Regions of Influence: Japan Method of Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion Basic Beliefs: Respect for nature Deities and spirits are connected to nature and natural features

89. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Sikhism Hearth: present-day India + Pakistan Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic 3 Branches - Khalsa, Namdhari, Nirankari Holy Text - The Guru Granth Sahib Global Adherents: 25-30 Million Sacred Sites: Golden Temple Place of worship: Gurudwara Regions of Influence: South Asia Basic Beliefs: Equality, service to humanity, tolerance

90. Appendix: Religious Characteristics Animism Hearth: Africa, North + South America Monotheistic or Polytheistic Universalizing or Ethnic Branches: N/A Holy text: N/A Global Adherents: 240 Million Sacred sites: N/A Place of worship: Nature Regions of Influence: Africa, North + South America Basic Beliefs: Physical features, wildlife, natural phenomena, etc. have spiritual significance Practices and deities vary by region Often blended with universalizing religions such as Christianity or Islam to create unique, syncretic religions

91. Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Shintoism Sikhism The Western Hemisphere should be colored for Christianity