Unit_4_Sampling_CR_Kothari book presentation.pptx

This presentation is from c r kothari book.

1. Unit 4: Sampling Business Research Methods – C.R. Kothari

2. Basic Sampling Concepts • Defining the Universe • Statistical Population • Sample • Characteristics of a Good Sample

3. Sampling Frame • A practical approach for determining the sample frame expected • A list or database from which a sample is drawn

4. Sampling Errors • Sampling Errors: Errors due to observing a sample instead of the whole population • Non-Sampling Errors: Errors not related to the sampling process such as data entry errors

5. Methods to Reduce Errors • Use of randomization • Increasing sample size • Better questionnaire design • Proper training to investigators

6. Sample Size Constraints • Budget limitations • Time constraints • Availability of population data • Desired precision level

7. Non-Response • Refers to lack of response from selected sample units • Can lead to bias • Must be minimized through follow-ups

8. Probability Sampling Methods • Simple Random Sampling • Systematic Sampling • Stratified Random Sampling • Area Sampling • Cluster Sampling

9. Non-Probability Sampling Methods • Judgment Sampling • Convenience Sampling • Purposive Sampling • Quota Sampling • Snowball Sampling

10. Sample Size Determination • Practical considerations in sampling • Factors: population size, confidence level, margin of error • Use of formulas or software tools