Unit 5-A.pptx art appreciation intro to

My art work and practice explores the themes of ‘time’ and the ‘changing state of objects’ through the process of deterioration. The idea is to explore the concept of ‘beauty’ using these themes to show that ‘beauty’ is not generic or obvious but instead is subjective as exampled by a rotting piece of fruit as opposed to a living one. My argument is that whereas time is central to the world and everything deteriorates and changes, beauty is something that remains. To me, there is specific beauty about the natural process of change and passing of time and therefore my work attempts to demonstrate this using natural processes such as ‘rotting’, ‘decay’ and ‘rust’ to create art.

This essay will be a reflective discussion relating the above themes in my art work and studio practice to the contemporary work of other artists, principally Roger Hiorns, Sam-Taylor Wood and Jim Dine, in the process exploring various practices and themes.

Chapter 1: ‘Actualism’ or ‘Actual art’
‘Actualism’ is a genre first described by Albert Frankenstein and refers to artwork that is created through, “The Self-conscious enlistment of the forces of nature, by artists, towards the completion of their art”[2]. This genre relates very much to my work as my art practice also relies on natural processes. Any artist who works in this way has little or no control over their pieces and how they will turn out. In my practice, I have found this to be very much true, and when creating work I have had to rely on the natural processes to produce results, for example with work that I have created through decay, rotting, rust or as a result of deterioration.

In addition to this, natural change is a continual process meaning that the artwork is always changing and has the potential to last forever. Terry Fugate-Wilcox, a commentator on art, refers to this and states: “The work will last forever, as long as you understand it changes”[3]. This is a concept that interests me since it demonstrates that at any moment my art work is viewed it will be different as it is always developing and changing.

This also means that viewers are only seeing a snapshot actualism apples imageof the work each time. In my opinion the fact that the work continues to develop and change as time passes is the essence of its beauty. Another important aspect of ‘Actualism’ for artists creating artwork related to this genre, is that the future of the work is just as important as the present[4]. This is because the artwork takes on a presence of its own which cannot be controlled, and although processes can be manipulated or accelerated by the artist, the end result cannot be predicted. For example when I worked with fruit and the process of rotting, the fruit simply had to be allowed time to rot and decay, a process which could not be controlled. There are ways in which I was able to accelerate the process by changing the environments but the end result was out of my hands and a waiting game. This is the reason wh

1. ART HISTORY UNIT 5

2. ART HISTORY This unit is an overview of how art started to exist from the Prehistoric period up to the present time. It focuses on the historical background of art in terms of the various art periods and movements, their characteristics, leading contributors and influential works and significant historical events.

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: 1. Identify the underlying history, philosophy of the different era or art movements. 2. Classify the various art movements according to their historical background, factors, influential persons, socio-political issues, prevalent artists, art form and media. 3. Present the history and movements of arts through a timeline. 4. Make a creative interpretation of different music genres. 5. Trace and summarize the development of the arts, art appreciation and aesthetics in contemporary art practice. 6. Categorize national and GAMABA artists with their art genre and famous works of art.  

4. LESSON 1 - THE BEGINNINGS OF ART, WESTERN AND ASIAN ART “Art is the signature of civilizations” – Beverley Sills.  The Beginnings of Art Art history is a timeline of vast accumulation of movements, periods and styles that reflect the time during which each piece of art was made. It begins around 44,000 years ago with the first known cave paintings in Sulawesi, Indonesia that predate writing in the journey of human race.

5. LESSON 1 - THE BEGINNINGS OF ART, WESTERN AND ASIAN ART  The Beginnings of Art Art is a significant aspect of history since it is one of the few things to survive. It can tell us stories, express the conditions and beliefs of an era, and let us connect to the people who lived ahead of us. Upon exploration of art from Prehistoric to Contemporary times, people of the present day can see how art influences the future and conveys the past.

6. WESTERN AND ASIAN ART Prehistoric and Ancient Art Prehistoric and ancient art were around 44,000 B.C.E. to 400 BCE. It can be considered as the art period that includes cave paintings, fertility statues and bone flutes to approximately the end of the Roman empire. A variety of art styles were produced over this lasting period. This Art period includes those of prehistory to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the nomadic tribes.

7. Prehistoric and Ancient Art EXAMPLES

8. WESTERN AND ASIAN ART Pre-historic Art Prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia was discovered in the 1950's. This art is of indigenous mammals; a small water buffalo, a warty pig, and a pig-deer, and hand stencils. Archeologists discovered their age to be around forty thousand years, at least same age as the oldest known art in Europe. It would mean that art was developed much earlier than what humans thought, in Africa, and that men carried the tradition with them as they move.  

9. WESTERN AND ASIAN ART Pre-historic Art Seventeen thousand years ago, humans painted on the walls of the caves of Lascaux, in France the realistic images of bison, bulls, horses, stags, and other animals. They made stencils of their hands, too. There were also several cave arts found in Europe. These cave paintings from Indonesia and Europe have similar characteristics which appear to be prevalent in prehistoric times.

10. WESTERN AND ASIAN ART Ancient Art The ancient Art period includes the works found in classical civilizations like the Greeks and Celts as well as that of the early Chinese dynasties. The artwork of this time is as varying as the cultures that created it. What relates them together is their purpose. Most of the time, art was made to narrate stories in a time when oral tradition predominates. Art was also utilized to decorate utilitarian objects like bowls, pitchers, and weapons. At times, it was also used to show the status of its owner, a concept that art has used since time immemorial.

11. ASIAN ART Hindu Art This Art reflects the plurality of beliefs, Hindu Temples, which depicts their architecture and where sculptures are found, typically are devoted to different deities. Hindu Art is portrayed by holy symbols like the Om, an invocation of divine consciousness of God; It is believed that the Christian "Amen" and Islamic "Amin" are both derived from Om. The swastika, a symbol of auspiciousness; and the lotus flower, a symbol of purity, beauty, fertility, and transcendence.

12. ASIAN ART Chinese Art This art evolved through its history. As political and social circumstances changed and new technologies developed, so did its art. Chinese artistic styles are classified according to the dynasty under which they were produced. The important qualities include a love of nature, a credence in the moral and educative capacity of art, an appreciation of simplicity, an gratitude of accomplished brushwork, an interest in viewing the subject from various perspectives, and a loyalty to much-used motifs and designs from lotus leaves to dragons. The art forms most worthy to mention are calligraphy and painting though Chinese art also encompasses fine arts, folk arts, and performance arts.

13. ASIAN ART Japanese Art Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, calligraphy on silk and paper, ink painting, kirigami, origami, and dorodango sculpture, and, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, and more recently manga, a modern method of Japanese cartooning and comics. Japan’s art has frequently been complicated by the definitions and expectation established in the late 19th and 20th centuries when Japan was opened to the west.

14. ASIAN ART Byzantine Art This is about religious expression and more specifically about church doctrine translated into aesthetic forms. Byzantine forms of architecture and painting were based on religious concerns which made art uniform, anonymous, and perfected within this austere tradition. The result was a sophistication of style and a spirituality of expression that rarely compares with the art of Western tradition.  

15. MEDIEVAL ART To some, the millennium from 400 and 1400 A.D. is considered as the Dark Ages, where the art in this period were depicted as grotesque or brutal scenes while others were focused on formalized religion. Most of the art created were melancholy.   Medieval European art saw a transition from the Byzantine period to the Early Christian period. Within that, from about 300 to 900, we also saw Migration Period Art as Germanic people migrated across the continent. This Barbarian art was outboard by necessity and more of it was understandably lost.  

16. EARLY TO HIGH RENAISSANCE This movement covers the period from 1400 through 11500. Renaissance literally means rebirth and describes the resurgence of curiosity in the artistic achievements of Greece and Rome. Most known paintings emerged from this period. Many of the notable art created during the Renaissance was Italian. The famous 15th-century artists like Brunelleschi and Donatello paved the way to the work of Botticelli and Alberti. When the High Renaissance took over in the next century, the work of Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged.  

17. VENETIAN AND NORTHERN RENAISSANCE In 1430-1550, a period of Northern Renaissance was famous due to advanced techniques in oil painting, realistic, vivid altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings, woodcuts, and printmaking. Stone sculpture was not extremely popular, but the Germans boost up their wood carving techniques. Dutch art was governed by empirical perspective. Dutch aimed to get to the basics, capturing every single detail. The painters learned from direct observation and their knowledge of the consistency of things.  

18. MANNERISM Mannerism (1527-1580) introduced a highly imaginative period in art after the climax of excellence that naturalistic painting had attained in Renaissance Italy. Artists started to deviate from classical influences and turn toward a further intellectual and expressive approach. The figures can be represented by a powerful twisting and bending with distortions, exaggerations, elongations of the limbs, bizarre posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the other hand and the rendering of the head as uniformly small and oval.

19. BAROQUE ART The word baroque means something that is elaborate and highly detailed. Baroque style (1600-1750) is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. During this era, significant events like the Reformation and the Counter- Reformation occurred with the baroque style being considered intricately linked to the Catholic Church.

20. NEOCLASSICAL The Neoclassical Period is considered a period of enlightenment. The movement started in Europe in the 1700's and spread into the colonies. The focus of this was on government, ethics, and science which varies from the previous period that focused on religion, imagination, and emotions. Neoclassical art has a cleaner style, sculpted forms, a shallow depth of background and a more realistic approach.

21. ROMANTICISM Romanticism (1750-1850) rapidly spread all over Europe and the United States at the end of the 18th century to the 19th. The period extolled abstract, complex ideas like despair, hope, heroism, liberty, peace, survival, and other impressions that nature evokes in human beings. Romantic art concentrated on emotions, feelings, and moods to challenge the rational ideal held so tightly during the Enlightenment. The subject matter varied widely including landscapes, religion, revolution, and serene beauty. Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and liberty.

22. REALISM Realism (1848-1900) is also called naturalism. The accurate, detailed, straightforward depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realists rejected romanticism which had dominated French literature and art late 18th century. They depicted people of all classes in ordinary life situations which reflected the changes brought on by the industrial and commercial revolutions.

23. MODERN ART The modern art refers to late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century art. Works produced during this time showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting, and even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of preceding styles. Starting with light and airy Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art genre is composed of several major movements.

24. MODERN ART Impressionism This is the style of painting that emerged in the mid and late 1800s. The movement emphasizes on an artist’s immediate impression of a moment or scene, communicated through the effect of light and its reflection, short brush strokes and separation of colors. Modern life is often used as the subject matter by impressionist painters painting freely and quickly featuring short visible strokes-dots, commas, smears, and blobs.

25. MODERN ART Post-Impressionism Post-impressionism (1885-1910) bridged the gap between the restrictive techniques found in the impressionist period and the emphasis on geometry found in modern art. Post-Impressionism is an art movement characterized by a subjective approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather than realism in their work. While their styles passionately varied, paintings completed in the Post-Impressionist manner share some similar qualities like symbolic motifs, unnatural color, and painterly brushstrokes.

26. MODERN ART Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935) Fauvism is a term to denote the use of distortion and exaggeration for emotional, which first surfaced in the art literature of the early twentieth century. The artists used pure, brilliant color applied straight from the paint tubes to create bright effects from the canvass. Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist attempts to portray not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events awaken in him. It is accomplished through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy through vivid, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.

27. MODERN ART Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Still (1905-1920) Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. It employs geometric shapes in depictions of human and other forms. Over time, the geometric touches grew so intense that they sometimes overtook the represented forms, creating a pure level of visual abstraction. Futurism is an Italian art movement that took speed, technology, and modernity as its inspiration. It portrayed the dynamic character of 20th century life, elevated war, and machine age, and favored the growth of Fascism.

28. MODERN ART Dadaism and Surrealism (1917-1950) Dadaism is the first conceptual art movement where the focus of the artists was not to craft aesthetically pleasing objects but create works that upended bourgeois sensibilities. It aimed to generate difficult questions about the society, the role of the artist and the purpose of art. Dada artist are identified to use ready-made objects with little manipulation. Surrealism intends to channel the unconscious means to unlock the power of imagination. Strongly influenced by psychoanalysis, the Surrealist’s considers the rational mind repressed the power of imagination, weighing it down with taboos. It was also influenced by Karl Marx in the sense that surrealists hoped that the human psyche had the power to reveal contradictions in the everyday world and spur on revolution.

29. MODERN ART Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art Abstract Expressionism (1940-1950) is an art movement of mostly nonrepresentative painting. It was neither wholly abstract nor expressionist and comprised several fairly various styles. What integrated them in one art movement was an aim to redefine the nature of painting. Pop Art (1960s) is a movement marked by a fascination with popular culture reflecting the existence in post-war society. It was most prominent in American art but soon spread to Britain. In celebrating everyday objects, the movement turn the commonplace into icons. It is a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art world by appropriating images from the street, the supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as art.

30. CONTEMPORARY ART Contemporary art is the art of today, created by artists who are living in the twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides a chance to reflect on contemporary civilization and the matters relevant to us, and the world around us. Contemporary artists work in a globally motivated, culturally diverse, and technologically evolving world. This art is a dynamic mixture of materials, techniques, concepts, and subjects that question traditional boundaries and challenge easy definition. contemporary art is diverse characterized by the extreme lack of a consistent, unifying principle or ideology. Contemporary art is concerned on personal and cultural identity, family, community, and nationality.

31. CONTEMPORARY ART Post Modernism and Deconstructivism Postmodern art refers to a group of movements that began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, during which artist rejected established practices and questioned the importance of their roles in the artistic process. Postmodern artists use familiar images of consumer and pop culture and mass media to confront or question art and society. Their work has an irreverent almost mocking view of artistic importance.

32. CONTEMPORARY ART Post Modernism and Deconstructivism Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the 1980s. It gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building. It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. The Canadian-American Frank O. Gehry is the most well-known proponent of Deconstructivism building design. He is one of the prominent American architects of the Postmodern era.

33. LESSON 2 - THE HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC   "Young people can learn from my example that something can come from nothing. What I have become is the result of my hard efforts."- Franz Joseph Haydn

34. LESSON 2 - THE HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC   Instrumental Music Instrumental music is a musical composition that is without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals. This music is primarily produced by instruments. The commencement of this genre of music is significant for it paved the way for the invention and development of musical instruments with tone qualities as people understand it today.

35. LESSON 2 - THE HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC   History of Instrumental Music The history of Instrumental music is usually dated back from the Middle Ages. During this period the texture of music was monophonic. Sacred vocal music such as Gregorian chants were set to Latin text and sung unaccompanied. Subsequently, church choirs added one or more melodic lines to the Gregorian chants. This created polyphonic texture. During the Renaissance, the size of church choirs grew, and with it, more voice parts were added.

36. MEDIEVAL MUSIC (1150- 1400)   Medieval Music (1150- 1400) During Medieval period, music was primarily vocal. Instruments were used to accompany vocal lines or to improvise instrumental dances. Rhythm was not notated and tradition regarding sacred text, meter of the text and musical abilities of singers and instrumentalist. Harmony and tonality were not functional during this period.

37. RENAISSANCE MUSIC (1400-1600)   Renaissance Music (1400-1600) The Renaissance or "rebirth" was a period from 1400 to 1600 of significant changes in history including music. Moving away from the medieval period, where every facet of life, include music was church-driven, you begin to see that the church was starting to lose some of its to have an impact on the direction of music. Music was performed by vocal groups (ensembles of one to eight parts). Instrumental music included ensembles (consort music) and solos (keyboard music for the organ or harpsichord).

38. RENAISSANCE MUSIC (1400-1600)   Popular Music Forms During the Renaissance, composers took known musical forms from church music and secularized them. Forms of music that evolved during the Renaissance included the cantus firmus, chorale, French chansons, and madrigals.

39. RENAISSANCE MUSIC (1400-1600)   Cantus Firmus Meant "firm chant," that was typically utilized in the Medieval period and was strongly founded on the Gregorian chant. Composers dropped the chants and instead incorporated secular, folk music. The Renaissance, saw the rise of the chorale , a song that was intended to be sung by a congregation. Its original form was monophonic, which then evolved into a four-part harmony.  The French chanson is a polyphonic French song that was originally for two to four voices.

40. BAROQUE MUSIC (1600-1750)   Baroque Music (1600-1750) The word baroque that was used to describe the music styles of the 1600s to the 1700s comes from the Italian word "barocco" which means bizarre. This word was first used to describe the style of architecture mainly in Italy during the 17th and 18th century. The Baroque is considered the late period of the Renaissance, marked by a more intricate and even unconventional visual style. In some ways the word applies to the music as well.

41. BAROQUE MUSIC (1600-1750)   Compositions became more homophonic, meaning based on one melody with harmonic support coming from a keyboard player. Tonality was divided into major and minor. This period is also described by the upsurge of the fugue, a type of polyphonic composition based on a principal theme (subject) and melodic lines that imitate the principal theme, and of the opera, the first of which were composed around 1600. The most famous composer of the Baroque is Johann Sebastian Bach, who might also be considered the greatest composer of any period.

42. CLASSICAL MUSIC (1750-1830)   The Classical era is the era where the most influential personalities of classical music emerged. In this period a new form of music which is highly refined, simple in melodic text and harmonic structure and coordinated by symmetrical form developed. Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Rossini, and others who gave the world some of the greatest music ever composed. This was a time when musicians went back to more ordered forms and strict compositional direction to guide their pursuit of musical perfection.

43. ROMANTIC PERIOD (1820-1900)   The Romantic Era is characterized by chamber music ensembles, large symphony orchestras, opera companies and piano as performing mediums. An exceedingly fruitful period, the Romantic Era of music is expressive, dramatic, and orchestral with rhythmic complexity and raging tempos. Music are composed and played with a level of drama and emotionality not observed in previous eras. Genres included concertos, operas, sonatas, and symphonies. New and compound harmonies emerged like etude, nocturne and waltz.

44. MODERN MUSIC (1900–PRESENT)   The 20th century is described as the “age of musical diversity” because composers had more creative freedom. No single style of music dominates, and composers ranged from the relatively traditional to the most modern. Many composers ensued the dominant artistic style of the period, from Impressionism to Futurism to Expressionism to Post-Modernism. Composers were more willing to experiment with new music forms or reinvent music forms of the past. George Gershwin and Andrew Lloyd Webber who not only propelled the classic structure but may also be considered the grandfathers of American pop music.

45. MUSIC FORMS AND STYLES   12-tone System is credited to Arnold Schoenberg. This evoked music that felt anxious and unresolved. Concert Music. Many composers combined jazz music elements with other music styles such as classical and blues. Some of the composers were George Gershwin (Rhapsody in Blue), Aaron Copland (Rodeo) and Dmitry Shostakovich (The Golden Age). Electronic Music. Composers of electronic music experimented with technology and how it affects certain aspects of music such as melody and rhythm.

46. MUSIC FORMS AND STYLES   Electronic Music. Composers of electronic music experimented with technology and how it affects certain aspects of music such as melody and rhythm. Impressionistic. In music, it is applied to works of early 20th century composers such as Debussy. Debussy rejected the rules of tonality and created music that is pleasing to the ears as impressionist paintings are appealing to the eyes. This resulted in music that was relaxed and almost dreamlike. Jazz can be traced back to earlier African-American music styles. It is particularly remarkable for its improvisation, harmonic progressions, and modified rhythms.

47. MUSIC FORMS AND STYLES   Minimalism is the type of music which was simple and contained patterns that were repeated and reinforced by a steady beat. Examples are the music of Steve Reich and Philip Glass. New Romanticism desired music that was expressive, haunting, and mysterious, much like the music of the past. Composers who used this technique were George Crumb (Ancient Voices of Children) and Gyorgy Ligeti (Lux Aeterna), among others. Neoclassical is a concept applied to the music of early 20th century composers like Stravinsky which reflects the 18th-century music.

48. MUSIC FORMS AND STYLES   Serialism was based on Schoenberg's 12-tone system, which was continued by his student Anton von Webern. Serialism was evident in the music of the 1950s and 1960s but appreciation was limited to university professors and their students. Serialism used a strict musical form ula that was difficult to play. Composers who used this technique were Milton Babbitt and Pierre Boulez, to name a few.

49. LESSON 3 - PHILIPPINE ART HISTORY   " Some people come into our lives, leave footprints on our hearts, and we are never the same." - Franz Schubert

50. LESSON 3 - PHILIPPINE ART HISTORY   Philippine Arts The Philippine Arts pertain to Filipino artworks that have developed in country from the beginning of its civilization up to the present era. It reflects the culture of the Philippine society and the wide range of cultural influences from countries that happen to interact with us and also the influenced in local arts that resulted in Filipino artworks as it is known today as Art of the Philippines.

51. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART (before 1521) The pre-colonial era or also known as Pre-Spanish era is the period of Philippine Art before the coming of Spaniards. Early evidence of ancient tools and other artifacts are found in the different islands of Philippines like Batangas, Cagayan, Central Luzon, Davao, and Palawan. Items discovered were described to be the crudest from the stone tools (flake tools).

52. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Receptacles Early Filipinos believe in life after death. They used receptacles which were containers fashioned to enclose and protect the bodies of their dead relatives. Receptacles were made from fibers and tree barks constructed into mats or they can also be made of leaves, wood, and bamboo. These receptacles can also function as repositories of food and other possessions which will accompany the dead on their journey to the other world.

53. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Angono Petroglyphs The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs is a rock art on the wall of a rock shelter in Rizal. A National Cultural Treasure and declared as the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. This was discovered in 1965 by the late renowned muralist and National Artist, Carlos "Botong“ Francisco. One hundred twenty-seven human figures spread on the wall were rendered by engraving lines using a piece of stone on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from ten centimeters to faint lines figures.

54. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Textile weaving Weaving is an ancient art form that remain in the Philippines today, with each ethnic group having their distinctive weaving techniques. Prehistoric textile that have been excavated are believed to have been created by using flat stone tools to pound and flatten tree barks for use as materials. The oldest surviving textile in the entire Southeast Asian region was found in the Philippine island of Banton in Romblon province. The cloth, known as the Banton cloth, has designs with folkloric motifs, and was used as a death wrap.

55. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Jewelry Preceding the Spanish colonization, the native Filipino of all genders, all social classes wore gold from gold necklaces, earrings, bracelets, armlets, even to their grave. Gold was abundant then in areas now known as Butuan, Eastern Visayas, Mindoro, and Surigao. The people created belts, necklaces, masks, rings, leg ornaments, even ceremonial weapons, and wore these gold objects in rituals and celebration and to establish their rank in society.

56. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Gold Death Mask The burial practice of covering the eyes, nose, and mouth of the dead with sheets of gold is a custom practiced by a limited group of Filipinos. It is believed that when the face of the dead is covered with a gold mask, evil spirits cannot come into the body. The gold nose-disc and gold eye-mask dated from the late 14th to the early 15th century A.D. were found in a grave site in San Antonio, Oton, Iloilo.

57. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Shell Bracelets and Pendants In the early days, shells were transformed into tools, as well as ornaments. The oldest identified ornaments made from cone shells were found in the early 1960’s in the tomb of an adult male in Duyong Cave in Palawan. A shell disk with a cavity in the center was found next to his right ear and a disk with a hole by the edge was found on his chest. The shell ornaments were dated 4854 B.C. and are characteristic of the Late Neolithic Age

58. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Pottery Earthenware pots resembling human figures were found in Ayub Cave, in Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province. The jars used for secondary burial were dated to the Metal Age about 5 BC.- 225 A.D. Each of the twenty-nine jars recovered from the site is unique. Clay pots were also discovered in Masbate which dated as early as 710 B.C.E. The jar burial practices of early Filipinos were prevalent not only in the Philippines, but also in Southeast Asia. These practices date back to the Late Neolithic Period from 1,000 B.C. to the 16th century before the arrival of the Spaniards.

59. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   SCULPTURE The ancient Filipinos had attained a high artistic level through pottery, jewelry, and wood carving. Mununggul Jar The Mununggul jar is regarded as the symbol of Philippine Prehistoric artifact. It was found in Palawan and is estimated to be from 890-710BCE. Figures representing spirits constituted most of the early Philippines representational sculpture.

60. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   SCULPTURE Maitum jar In Ayub Cave, now referred to as Pinol Cave 29 burial jars and around 33 baskets or about 4 cubic meters of archaeological material have been collected. Pinol, Maitum was formerly part of South Cotobato in Sarangani. These secondary burial jars have characteristics that belong to the Developed Metal Age Period in the Philippines calibrated date of 190 BC to 500 AD. The Maitum burial jars were discovered in by the archeological group of the National Museum in 1991.

61. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   ARCHITECTURE In the 16th century, early inhabitants of the Philippines built single room structure with walls of bamboo and roof of palm leaves, with the ground floor typically utilized for storage. There were three different styles of structure of native dwellings, the bahay-kubo or nipa hut, Ifugao house and the Maranao house. Bahay-kubo is built from bamboo and nipa which are the most available construction materials in the rural areas. The bahay-kubo is very functional in terms of comfort and affordability of materials.

62. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   ARCHITECTURE Ifugao house is so designed for the reason of the cold climate of the Mountain Province. The Ifugaos construct their houses for protection from the low temperature and the rainfall common in the Mountain Province. Maranao house is an archaic-style house with a boat-like appearance. This description is primarily due to the existence of the panolong , carved beam that protrudes in the front of the house that support its flooring. Torogan known as the flower symbol of the ancestral home of the highest titleholder in a Maranao village. The panolong symbolizes power and prestige.

63. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Muslim Art Islamic art meshed with ethnic culture and produced a Filipino Muslim art that reflects the ethnic background and Islamic identity of the people. Okir is a general name for the colorful flowing designs which decorate any surface of the Muslim regions. Sarimanok is a depiction of an open-winged legendary bird which stands on a fish with another fish hanging from its beak. Naga is a stylized dragon or serpent carved in grave markers or elaborately in plows.

64. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Muslim Art Ukkil is a design technique usually see in the Sulu Peninsula. It is a decorative design that is used in carving, baskets, pottery and weaving. Maranao Brass is best observed in the kabul and gadur . This is a jar-like container with covers that look a lot like the domes of their mosques. Kampilan A long sword, its handle akin to the open mouth of a naga, a wavy flame-like blade representing the body of a serpent; the barong, a leaf-like lade having the same geometric designs on its hilt.

65. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   Ifugao Art Wood is the medium of choice in the art of the Mountain Province. It is used in making shields, spoons, ladles, bowls, and human and animal figures. Woodcarving is considered an important skill in all tribes. Mountain Province art is divided into two kinds: the ritualistic and the decorative. The Bulul, a carved male figure made of narra is seated while its crossed arms rest on its raised knees. Believed to guard rice crops, this figure was traditionally bathed in pig’s or chicken’s blood during rice planting rituals in Ifugao.

66. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE ART   ANCIENT WRITING The ancient script Baybayin. According to many early Spanish accounts, the Tagalogs had already been writing with the baybayin for at least a century.

67. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   The year 1521 marks the dawn of the the first colonial power in the Philippines. This is called the Spanish period. For the Catholic faith to be propagated successfully, it should be able to communicate well with the educated as well as the uneducated, and the best way to achieve this is through art. Religious paintings, sculptures, literature, music, dance, and theatre have all contributed to instilling the doctrines of the Catholic faith into the hearts and minds of the early Filipinos.

68. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   ARCHITECTURE Fr. Antonio Sedeno introduced a lime in the construction of buildings. He was responsible for the construction of the first fortress, the Nuestra Senora de Guia Fort in Manila. He was instrumental in the planning and building of the Manila’s Secular residences. Early painting and sculptural works for the church were largely given to the Chinese artisans living in a community outside Intramuros called the Parian.

69. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   SCULPTURE Carving which began in the pre-Hispanic times in making the likha (a local deity), was redirected by the friars into the creation of santos (sculptures of saints). The making of santos are strictly supervised by the church authorities for fear that the natives might include pagan elements into the prescribed iconography of the church. Mediums- Most of the santos had been carved out of wood. Ivory and animal bone were also used. Famous Sculptors- Juan delos Santos (Intramuros), Lorenzo Flores (Tayabas Church)

70. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   PAINTING A rise of national consciousness was expressed through the reform movement during the 19 th century. The Sociedad Economica de Amigos dela Pais, a civic organization, aimed to encourage the development of visual arts which led to the establishment of the Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura in 1821. The school closed in 1834 but reopened 20 years later. This school was incorporated with the Escuela Pintura Escultura Y Grabado in 1879.

71. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   PAINTING Damian Domingo, the first teacher, a mestizo whose talents impressed local authorities.The technique of painting during this time may be from his works, where detailed and fine lines give volume or body to objects or parts of the human figures. In 1850 two local artists became famous abroad: Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo.

72. THE SPANISH COLONIAL ART (1521-1898)   PRINTING Nicolas Bagay is one of the outstanding engravers who ran a printing press and Francisco Suarez are both known for their designs in 1733 and for the 12 scenes depicting representative life in the islands in the Murillo-Velarde Map. They signed their works proudly writing Indio Tagalog after their signatures. 18th Century Coronation of the virgin- It is one of the oldest artworks in the visual arts collection. 19th Century- The introduction of lithograph prints eventually replaced engraving in copper. Lithograph Print- oil and water

73. THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!