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1. Unit 5: Methods of Data Collection, and Report Writing By Dr. R. K. Bisht School of Computing, GEHU

2. Methods of data collection Observation Method Interview Method Through questionnaire Through Schedules Secondary data Secondary data refers to the data already collected and analyzed by someone. For example, Government publications of reports.

3. Characteristic of secondary data Reliability Suitability Adequacy

4. Data Processing Data in its raw form is not useful to any organization. Data processing is the method of collecting raw data and translating it into usable information. It includes removing unnecessary and inaccurate data, checking for errors, duplication, miscalculations or missing data, and transforming into a suitable form for further analysis and processing.

5. Data Interpretation Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data and drawing conclusions using various analytical research methods or in other words, data interpretation is the process of making sense out of a collection of data that has been processed. Data can be interpreted through different ways: Using Graphs (bar graph, histogram, line charts, pie chart etc.) Using tables (Tabular form, Frequency distributions, cumulative frequency distributions, bivariate frequency distributions etc.)

6. Importance of Data Interpretation Decision making Find trends and taking action Better resource allocation

7. Report Writing A research report is a documentary evidence of the details about a conducted research work. It typically includes details on the research question, methodology, data analysis, and results, providing a structured and informative account of the research process and outcomes. A research report should include: Proper title with details of researchers, their affiliations Abstract or summary of the research work Introduction of the research work Research Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion References

8. Report Writing A research report is a documentary evidence of the details about a conducted research work. It typically includes details on the research question, methodology, data analysis, and results, providing a structured and informative account of the research process and outcomes. A research report should include: Proper title with details of researchers, their affiliations Abstract or summary of the research work Introduction of the research work Research Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion References

9. Different Types of Reports Technical or Scientific Reports: Technical and scientific reports communicate research findings to experts and professionals in a particular field. Popular Reports: Popular reports are designed for a general audience and aim to inform, educate, or entertain on a wide range of topics. Survey Reports: Survey reports include data collected through surveys and focus on presenting insights and opinions on specific issues or questions. Market Research Reports: Market research reports provide insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and industry analysis.

10. Case Study Reports: Case study reports focus on an in-depth examination of a single entity, often to explore complex, real-life situations. Analytical Research Reports : Analytical research reports involve a deep analysis of data to uncover patterns, trends, or relationships. Review or Literature Survey Reports: Literature review reports provide an overview of existing research on a specific topic, highlighting gaps and trends. Experimental Research Reports: Experimental research reports involve controlled experiments to test hypotheses and determine if the results support or reject the hypothesis.

11. Descriptive Research Reports: Descriptive research reports aim to provide a comprehensive picture of a phenomenon, group, or situation. They seek to answer the “what” and “how” questions. Exploratory Research Reports: Exploratory research reports are conducted when there is little prior knowledge about a subject. They aim to identify key variables and research questions. Explanatory Research Reports: Explanatory research reports seek to understand the relationships between variables and explain why certain phenomena occur. Policy or White Papers: Policy or white papers aim to inform policymakers, stakeholders, and the public about specific issues and recommend actions.