Unit 6 Epidemiological transitionss.pptx

Epidemiological transitionss.ppt

1. Topic : Epidemiological transitions in disease pattern . Subject: Epidemiology Present to: Ma’am Mussarat Fatima Group:2 Saira Batool Shakeela Mir Hassan Muhammad Samiullah Shoaib Ahmad Mukesh Kumar Muhammad Abbas

2. O bjectives Discuss population changes and population pyramid. Explore factors affecting population change. Define changes in life expectancy and change in age/ sex distribution. Discuss changes in major causes of death changes in age / sex distribution.

3. Epidemiological transition Epidemiological transition refers to changes in the pattern of health and disease within population over time.” It involves a shift from predominant burden of infectious diseases to a prevalence of chronic, non-communicable diseases . This transition is often associated with economic development, improvements in healthcare, and changes in lifestyle and living conditions . The model helps explain the evolving health challenges faced by populations as they progress through different stages of development.

4. Population changes Any meaningful interpretation of the cause and effects of population changes must extend beyond formal statistical measurement of the components of change, i.e. fertility, mortality and migration, and draw on the theoretical framework of several other disciplines for assistance . The dynamics or change in population in which the population of peoples in an area can change during two periods.

5. Population pyramid It is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age group in a population . The pyramid may be based on actual population of male and female in specified age group. It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the left side representing males and the right side representing females. The horizontal axis shows the population percentage or number, while the vertical axis displays age groups. The shape of the pyramid can provide insights into a population's demographic structure and its stage in the demographic transition. Common pyramid shapes include expansive (broad base, high birth rates), stationary (even distribution across age groups), and constrictive (narrow base, low birth rate

6. Factors affecting population change There are two factors affecting population growth. Dependency ratio Sex ratio Dependency ratio The ratio of dependent population (Young and elders) to working age population. A high dependency ratio whether due to a large population of children and elderly can impact population change in several ways:

7. Cont…. Fertility rate:- High youth dependency ratio might encourage families to have fewer children ,effecting overall fertility rates. In 2021 the world’s birth rate was 17.87. That same year China had birth rate of 11.15 while Pakistan is had 27. Chinese women have access to contraceptive education but Pakistani women are not encouraged to go school to gain knowledge.

8. Economic Impact High dependency ratio can strain social services, Healthcare , pension system are there are fewer working –age individuals to support dependents , potentially impacting economic growth. Policy Implications:- Government should implements policies such as family planning or elderly care initiatives to manage high dependency ratio.

9. Sex ratio Sex ratio refers to the number of males per 100 females in population. The overall sex ratio is simply the ratio of male to female in population and is calculated by. Sex ratio= 100 This ratio can impact population change in various ways: Fertility and birth rate :- In some cultures a preference for male children can influence fertility rates and family planning decisions. Social Dynamics :- Uneven sex ratio can effect marriage pattern, potentially leading to changes in birth rate and family structure.  

10. Labor Force Participation Difference in sex ratios can influence labor force participation rates and distribution of roles within society. Sex Ratio=  

11. Life expectancy and change in age /sex distribution The WHO defines Life Expectancy as: “ The average number of years a person is expected to live on the basis of current mortality rates and prevalence distribution of health states in population ” Life expectancy is an average number of years a person can expect to live, typically at birth. Changes in age and sex distribution can impact overall life expectancy. For example , if there is an aging population with a higher proportion of elderly individuals, life expectancy might increase due to advancements in healthcare and improved living conditions. However, factors like birth rates and healthcare access also play roles in shaping these demographic Changes.

12. Changes / factors in life expectancy Life expectancy most after used in the context of population as well as animals and plants. Some of the leading factors affecting life expectancy are. Poverty Genetics Health Malnutrition Exercise Employment Smoking

13. Continue... Stress Drug abuse Disease Income Lifestyle Sex difference Accidents

14. Life Expectancy and Age Distribution Increased Life Expectancy :- Advancement in healthcare, better living conditions,and disease management have led to longer life expediencies globally. This shift results in a larger population of older individual. Impact on age group:- Longer life expectancy contributes to a higher proportion of elderly individuals within the population. This demographic change alters the age distribution , leading to a greater number of people in older age brackets (65+years). Dependency ratio:- A significant increase in the elderly population effects the dependency ratio, highlighting the proportion of dependents to the working age population.

15. Life expectancy and sex distribution:- Gender –specific longevity:- Historically women have longer life expectancy as compare to Men.As life expectancy increases , this gender gap might persist or change due to lifestyle factors , Healthcare access , and social changes. Impact on Population Structure:- Changes in life expectancy influences the composition of various age and gender cohorts within a population. For instance an increased proportion of elderly Men and women impacts Healthcare services , retirement planning , family dynamics.

16. Changes in Major cause of death Death:- The absence of vital signs is known as death. Pathological signs Lack of energy Dryness of mouth Alternation of breath

17. Changes in major cause of death: Changes are intricately linked with shifts in age and sex distribution with in population. Epidemiological transition Lifestyle factor Mostly deaths are caused due to disease Cancer HIV Aids Respiratory failure Infection Road traffic accident Poisoning Death of woman from pregnancy War

18. Epidemiological Transition Historically, infectious disease like pneumonia , tuberculosis , and diarrheal disease were leading cause of death. However with advancement in Healthcare , sanitation and vaccination programs there has been a shift towards non communicable disease like cardiovascular disease , cancer , diabetes , and chronic respiratory conditions as primary cause of death in many regions. Lifestyle factors Change in lifestyle , including diet , physical activity , tobacco use have contributed to the rise of NCDs as major cause of death. These factors are often influenced by socio-economic. Conditions, urbanization and cultural changes.

19. Changes in age / sex distribution Aging population and disease prevalence: As population age , there’s a higher prevalence of age related disease such as cardiovascular conditions , certain cancer , dementia and other chronic illness. IMPACT OF DEATH PATTERN:_ Old age group tend to be more vulnerable to NCDs. Thus as population ages , there's shift in the distribution of cause of death towards disease associated with old age brackets. Gender Disparities:- Different cause of death can have varying impacts on males and females due to biological differences.Heart diseases might effect males more while certain type of cancer might be more prevalent in females.

20. REFERENCE: Mohamed iliyas (Edi 7t h ) “community medicine and public health” www. Wikipedia.com Www.pinterest.com