Unit Endocrine system provide By ShoaiB AdiL (1).pdf

High-alert medications are drugs that have a higher risk of causing significant harm to patients if used incorrectly. Some examples of high-alert medications include:
Insulin
Opiates and narcotics
Intravenous anticoagulants (heparin)
Sodium chloride solutions above 0.9%
Antiarrhythmics
Intrathecal or epidural medications
Radiocontrast agents
Anesthetic agents
Neuromuscular blocking agents
The consequences of an error with high-alert medications can be more devastating to patients, even if mistakes may or may not be more common with these drugs.
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) has lists of high-alert medications for acute care, community, ambulatory, and long-term care settings.
High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings
10-Jan-2024

ECRI
Your High-Alert Medication List Is Relatively Useless Without ... - NCBI
Table 1. ... Perform an FMEA on a new high-alert medication before initial use. Perform an FMEA on a new infusion pump being consi...

NCBI
for High-Alert Medications - ISMP
Hight-alert medications (or drugs) Medications that bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are used ...

ECRI
Show all
High-alert medications are drugs that have a higher risk of causing significant harm to patients if used incorrectly. Some examples of high-alert medications include:
Insulin
Opiates and narcotics
Intravenous anticoagulants (heparin)
Sodium chloride solutions above 0.9%
Antiarrhythmics
Intrathecal or epidural medications
Radiocontrast agents
Anesthetic agents
Neuromuscular blocking agents
The consequences of an error with high-alert medications can be more devastating to patients, even if mistakes may or may not be more common with these drugs.
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) has lists of high-alert medications for acute care, community, ambulatory, and long-term care settings.
High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings
10-Jan-2024

ECRI
Your High-Alert Medication List Is Relatively Useless Without ... - NCBI
Table 1. ... Perform an FMEA on a new high-alert medication before initial use. Perform an FMEA on a new infusion pump being consi...

NCBI
for High-Alert Medications - ISMP
Hight-alert medications (or drugs) Medications that bear a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are used ...

ECRI
Show all
High-alert medications are drugs that have a higher risk of causing significant harm to patients if used incorrectly. Some examples of high-alert medications include:
Insulin
Opiates and narcotics
Intravenous anticoagulants (heparin)
Sodium chloride solutions above 0.9%
Antiarrhythmics
Intrathecal or epidural medications
Radiocontrast agents
Anesthetic agents
Neuromuscular blocking agents
The consequences of an error with high-alert medications can be more devastating to patients, even if mistakes may or may not be more common with these drugs.
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) has lists of high-alert medicat

1. Endocrine System

By: Madiha Saleem
RM, BSN, MSN(Scholar) DIONAM DUHS
Dow University of Health Sciences

2. Objectives
•Define Endocrine system
•Identify Endocrine glands and Endocrine tissues present in the body
•Discuss types of Hormones, target cells, target organ
•Briefly discuss Mechanism of Action of Hormone (protein and
•steroids)
•Discuss the location and structure of pituitary gland.
• Discuss the role of hypothalamic hormones in the regulation of
pituitary gland secretions.
•Discuss the function of the hormones secreted by anterior and
posterior pituitary gland.
•Briefly discuss the structure, function & hormones of the following
glands
•Thyroid
•Para Thyroid
•Pineal
•Adrenal
•Pancreas

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 2

3. Endocrine System
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 3

4. Endocrine System
•Circulating or local hormones of the
endocrine system contribute to
homeostasis by regulating the activity
and growth of target cells in your body.


•Hormones also regulate your
metabolism.

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 4

5. Endocrine System
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 5

6. Hypothalamus
•The hypothalamus is part of the brain.

•It receives messages from all over the
body and keeps the body balanced by
sending out messages to the Nervous
System via the brain.

• It also sends out hormone messages to
the pituitary gland and helps to regulate
the control of thirst and hunger.
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 6

7. Hypothalamus
•The hypothalamus is the link between
the endocrine and nervous systems.


•The hypothalamus produces releasing
and inhibiting hormones, which stop
and start the production of other
hormones throughout the body.
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 7

8. Pituitary Gland
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 8

9. Pituitary Gland
•Pituitary gland or hypophysis
•It is also known as master endocrine gland
•Pea shaped structure
•It secrete several hormones that control other
endocrine glands
•Pituitary gland it self has a master the
hypothalamus
•It lies in pituary fossa of sella tunica of the
sphenoid bone
•It attached with stalk
•It has two lobes
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 9

10. Anterior lobe Adnophypophyses
Five hormones released

1. Somatotrophs Human growth (hGh)
2. Throtrophs Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH )
3. Gonadotrophs Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
4. Lactotrophs Prolactin (PRL)
5. Corticortrophs Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 10

11. Human growth hormone and
insulin like growth factor
•Somatotropin secrete human growth
hormone
•Human growth hormone in turn stimulates
several tissue to secrete insulin like growth
and regulate aspect of metabolism
•hGH is most plentiful hormone
•IGFs cause cells to grow and multiply by
accelerating protein synthesis
•IGF also decrease the break down of protein
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 11

12. Thyroid stimulating Hormone
•Thyrotrophs secrete thyroid
stimulating hormone TSH


•TSH control the secretions and other
activities of the thyroid gland
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13. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
•Gonadotrophs secrete two hormones
FSH and LH
•Both act on the gonads
•They stimulate secretion of estrogen
and progesterone and the maturation
of oocytes in the ovaries
•They stimulate sperm production and
secretion of testesrone in the testes
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 13

14. Lactotrophs


•Secrete prolactin (PRL) which initiate milk
production in the mammary glands.
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15. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
•Corticotrophs secrete
adrenocorticotropic hormone which is
stimulates the adrenal cortex to
secrete glucocorticoids such as
cortisol

•Some corticotrophs remnants of the
pars intermedia also secrete
melanocytes stimulating hormones
(MSH)

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 15

16. Posterior lobe
Neurohyphophses
•Two parts
•Pars nervosa large tubular portion
•Infundibulum
•10,000 terminal is called pituictyes
•Two hormones released
1.Antidiuretic hormone ADH
2.Oxytocin

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 16

17. Antidiuretic hormone ADH


•Anti = Against
•Diuretic = Increased urine production
•Also called vasopressin
•Vaso = Blood
•Pressure = Press
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 17

18. Oxytocin


Ok, se TO-sin; okytoc
•Oxytocin = Quick after birth
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19. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 19

20. Mechanism of Action of Hormone (protein and steroids)

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 20

21. Thyroid gland
•Butterfly shape
•Located just inferior to larynx
•Two lobes
•Right lobe
•Left lobe
•Connected by isthmus
•Normal mass 30g
•It receive 80-120ml of blood/ minute

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22. Thyroid gland
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 22

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24. Thyroid gland
•Follicular cells produce
•T4 or thyroxin Tetraiodothyronine
•T3 Triiodothryronine

•Parafolicular cells (C cells)
•Produces calcitonin
•Calcitonin regulate calcium homeostasis
•Regulating the rate at which your body uses calories (energy)
•Slowing down or speeding up your heart rate
•Raising or lowering your body temperature
•Influencing the speed at which food moves through your
digestive tract

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 24

25. Parathyroid glands
•Embedded in posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the
thyroid gland.
•Para means beside.
•Weight 40g.
•Chief cells are more numerous cells.
•Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone PTH
•Parathyroid hormone is also called parathorme
•Function major regulate of levels of calcium magnesium
and phosphate
•Oxyphil cells unknown function
•Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream
•Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines
•Conservation of calcium by the kidneys
•Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of
vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing
calcium from the intestines

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 25

26. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 26

27. Adrenal gland
•Supra renal gland
•2 gland located on top of kidney
superior to each kidneys
•3.5-5cm height
•Two parts
•Adrenal medulla
•Adrenal cortex
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 27

28. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 28

29. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 29

30. Adrenal Cortex
•Comprising 80-90% of adrenal gland
•Produced steroid hormones

•Layers of adrenal cortex
•Zona Glomerulosa = Aldosterone
•Zona Fasciculata = Cortisol Glucocorticoids
•Zona Reticulata = Androgens
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 30

31. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 31

32. Adrenal Medulla
•Inner potion
•Chromaffin cells secrete hormones
•Two hormones
•Epinephrine adrenaline
•Nor epinephrine noradrenaline

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 32

33. Thymus gland
•Located behind sternum between lungs
•Major role in immunity
•Hormones produces
•Thymosin
•Thymic lumoral factor THF
•Thymic factor TF
•Thymopoietin
•Function promote maturation of T cells
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 33

34. Thymus Gland
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 34

35. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 35

36. Pinal gland
•Pinecone shape
•Small endocrine gland
•Attached to roof of 3
rd
ventricle of brain at midline
•0.1-0.2g weight
•Gland consist of pinealocytes cells
•Physiological role is still unclear
•Produces melatonin
•Melatonin is thought to contribute to setting the
body biological clock
•During sleep plasma level of melatonin increase and
then decline plasma level before awakening
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 36

37. Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 37

38. References


•Tortora J.G, Derkison, B. principle of Anatomy and
physiology (11th Ed) USA john Willey & Sons, inc

Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 38

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