Unit I - Introduction ( paediatrics).pptx

Child health nursing

1. UNIT - I ( INTRODUCTION )

2. Contents Introduction of Peadiatrics . Meaning of peadiatrics . Definition of peadiatrics . Importance of paediatrics . Historical background of peadiatrics . Modern concepts of child care. Internationally accepted rights of child care. National policy and legislation in relation to child health and welfare . National legislation related to child health, National programmes related to child health and welfare. Agencies related to welfare services to the children

3. INTRODUCTION Paediatric nursing is the specialized area of the nursing practice concerning the care of children during wellness and illness, which includes preventive, promotive , curative and rehabilitative care of children.

4. Meaning The term paediatrics is derived from the Greek word ‘’ Pedia ‘’ (meaning a child or pertaining to a child ) ‘’ iatrike ‘’ ( treatment ) and ‘’ ics ‘’ (meaning a branch of science .

5. DEFINITION Paediatrics is concerned with the health of infants , children, adolescents and their growth & development and their attaining full potential as adult .

6. IMPORTANCE OF PAEDIATRICS Major consumers of health care. 35 – 40 of total population are children below the age of 15. More vulnerable to various health problems. Majority of Childs morbidity & mortality preventable. Needs special care to survive & thrive .

7. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CHILD HEALTH Abraham Jacob is known as FATHER OF PEDIATRICS The first citation of quality of breast milk and child hygiene was 225 BC. in Indian SUSURTA SAMHITA Hippocrates a Greek philosopher also known as father of modern medicine has made significant contribution to diseases found in children. The first Indian paediatrician were kashyapa and Jevaka they worked on children diseases and child care.

8. Historical background – cont’d The first manuscript on management of children diseases was written by kashyapa and Samhita . Charaka was the physician of Peshawar. He wrote on care and management of newborn. Arab physician Rhazes wrote the first book on the diseases of children.

9. Historical background – cont’d In 1545 Ad.Thomas Phare wrote the first book in English on children’s disease. In 1802 first paediatric hospital was opened in Paris . The first paediatric hospital was the Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, founded in 1855. In 1920 the first crèche was opened in India to provide day care to children.

10. Modern concepts related to child care through ages

11. CONCEPTS OF CHILD CARE Health is a complex phenomenon. Health is the fundamental right of every human being. ‘‘A healthy child becomes a healthy citizen , and a healthy citizen makes a healthy nation.’’ Health is defined by WHO, it is ‘‘a state of complete physical , mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease’’.

12. MODERN CONCEPT OF CHILD CARE Child health nursing is undergoing tremendous advancement in paediatric medicine and surgery. Child care has a prime importance as the mortality and morbidity rates are highest in this group and most of the diseases are preventable. The goal of Paediatric nursing is to foster the growth and development of the child and promote an optimum state of health physically, mentally and socially. Holistic view of health Widely accepted term, ”Wholeness”. It is a philosophy believes in an integration and harmonious balance of body, mind and spirit to maintain or regain health.

13. Modern concept – cont’d Areas to be considered: Health promotion, Prevention of illness, Health maintenance, Health restoration. Caring the health care of the child from the day of conception. Participate in the prevention of illness and health promotion activities. Comprehensive care of the child in his home through community health centers . Flexibility in hospital setting. Health oriented. Warmth and love oriented .

14. Modern concept – cont’d Health promotion activities, services related to fertility, sex education and counselling. Safe guard and protect the children's right by health providing, cultural practice and laws encouraging. The Nurse must observe the state of the child’s health illness state, his strength and weakness, and the effectiveness of coping mechanism. The nurse must have patience and emotional balance, while dealing with children and their parents especially in critically ill cases.

15. INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED RIGHTS OF CHILD CARE

16. RIGHTS OF CHILDREN Human rights, which are essential for total personal development , belong to everyone –children and adults, men and women, well and ill person and individuals of all races. Children have rights in the areas specific to knowledge of their state of health or illness, decisions regarding treatment modalities and counselling .  

17. INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED RIGHTS OF CHILD CARE -cont’d On 20 th Nov, 1959 the 14 th general assembly of the united Nations approved the declaration of the rights of the child .   The right to affection , love and understanding. The right to adequate nutrition and medical care . The right to free education . The right to full opportunity for play and recreation . The right to a name and nationality. The right to special care if child is handicapped.

18. INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED RIGHTS OF CHILD CARE The right to be among the 1 st to receive relief in times of disaster The right to learn to be a useful member of society and to develop individual abilities. The right to be brought up in a spirit of peace and brotherhood . The right to enjoy these rights, regardless of race, colour, sex, religion, national or social origin. All children shall be entitled to these rights without discrimination .

19. National policy & Legislation

20. NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION IN RELATION TO CHILD HEALTH AND WELFARE   In India, several measures have undertaken by the national government to improve the health of the people. Now a days , much importance has been given for the care of children because ‘’Today ’s children are the citizen’s of tomorrow ’’. So to improve the health of the children , the government of India adopted a ‘’National policy for children in Aug-1974 ‘’.

21. National policy & programme Programmes in National policy for children :- Government of India has introduced a number of programmes in national policy for children . They are as follows : ICDS Scheme (integrated child development services). Child welfare services . Welfare of the Handicapped children . CSSM Programme (child survival and safe motherhood).

22. National policy & program – cont’d I) ICDS SCHEME (Integrated child development services scheme) i ) Supplementary nutrition . ii) Immunization . iii) Health check up and health records . iv) Nutrition and health education . v) Non-formal pre-school education .

23. National policy & program – cont’d II) CHILD WELFARE SERVICES : - They are child welfare agencies in India. They are as follows: i )Indian Council for child welfare (ICCW). ii)Central social welfare board . iii) Kasturba Gandhi memorial Trust. iv)Indian Red cross society .

24. National policy & program – cont’d III) WELFARE OF THE HANDICAPPED CHILDREN :   Handicap is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for that individual. One of the objective of child health services is the prevention of handicapping condition. Government has taken initiative for the prevention of handicaps. They are --- Primary prevention --- Secondary prevention.  

25. National policy & programme – cont’d Primary prevention :-  a) Genetic counselling   b) At risk approach c) Immunization d) Nutrition e) Others  

26. National policy & programme 2) Secondary prevention :   The broad objectives for all children whatever their condition or problem are to bring them as close to normality as possible, physically, mentally and socially. It includes a) Early diagnosis of handicap b) Treatment C) Training & Education

27. National policy & programme – cont’d IV) Child survival & safe motherhood programme (CSSM): This programme are mainly beneficial for mother and also children . The package services under CSSM is available for children’s are : a) Essential Newborn care b) Immunization c) Appropriate management of diarrhoea

28. National policy & programme –cont’d d) Appropriate management of ARI e) Vitamin A prophylaxis It is estimated that a large number of children suffer from clinical deficiency of Vit A under the programme , 5 doses of Vit .A are given to all children under 3 years of age .  

29. NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO CHILD HEALTH

30. NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO CHILD HEALTH Today children are recognized as complete persons and they have legal and constitutional rights that are independent from their parents When the children are too young to care for themselves. Parents or their substitutes are required to provide food , clothing , shelter , education and medical care for them. They are also expected to consider love, support and protection . There are many laws formulated by the Government to protect the rights of children .

31. National Legislation – cont’d i ) The child labour act ii) The children act iii) Juvenile justice act iv) Child abuse prevention and treatment act v ) Health maintenance organization act (1975) vi) Education for all handicapped children act- 1973:-  

32. National programmes related to child health and welfare

33. Introduction National health programme , which have been launched by the central government for the control / eradication of communicable disease , improvement of environmental sanitation , nutrition , control of population and rural health. Various international agencies like WHO, UNICEF, WORLD BANK have been providing technical and material assistance in the implementation of these programmes.

34. National programmes – cont’d National malarial eradication programme National Goitre control programme Mid-day meal programme Vitamin – A prophylaxis programme Integrated child development services scheme National Diarrheal disease control programme National Anemia control programme National Filaria control programme Reproductive and child health programme

35. Agencies related to welfare services to the children

36. TYPES OF AGENCIES Voluntary ( National) Health Agencies. Involuntary (International ) Health Agencies.

37. Voluntary ( National) Health Agencies

38. Voluntary Health Agencies 1) Indian council for child welfare (ICCW ) 2)Central social welfare board 3) Kasturba Gandhi Memorial Trust 4) Indian Red Cross Society 5)Tuberculosis Associations of India 6)Bharat sevak samaj 7)All India Blind Relief Society 8)The Hindu Kush Nivaran Sangh

39. INVOLUNTARY AGENCIES or INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

40. INVOLUNTARY AGENCIES ( WHO) world health organization FAO (food and agricultural organization) UNICEF ( United Nations International Children Emergency Fund) CARE (co-operative for assistance and relief every where) USAID (the united states agency for international development)

41. Conclusion Paediatrics is concerned with the health of infants, children and adolescents, their growth and development, and their opportunity to achieve full potential as adults. Child health nursing is undergoing tremendous advancement in paediatric medicine and surgery. Child care has a prime importance as the mortality and morbidity rates are highest in this group and most of the diseases are preventable.