Unit IV GE8076 Professional Ethics �in Engineering

Unit IV Safety, Responsibilities and Rights -
GE8076 Professional Ethics �in Engineering

1. GE8076 Professional Ethics
in Engineering
by
Dr. S. SelvaganesanPh.D.(Malaysia)
Professor & HoD / IT
JJCET, Trichy.
Unit IV

4. UNIT IV
Safety, Responsibilities and Rights
SafetyandRisk–AssessmentofSafetyand
Risk–RiskBenefitAnalysisandReducing
Risk–RespectforAuthority–Collective
Bargaining–Confidentiality–Conflictsof
Interest–OccupationalCrime–Professional
Rights–EmployeeRights–Intellectual
PropertyRights(IPR)-Discrimination

5. Safety and Risk
SAFETY
•Safetyhasdifferentdefinitionsandtheperceptionsare
differentfordifferentpersons.
•Example
•Safetymeansthestateofbeingsafe.Safemeansprotected
fromdangerandharm.
•InitialversionofWilliamW.Lowrence’sdefinition:
•Athingissafeifitsrisksarejudgedtobeacceptable.
•ModifiedLowrence’sdefinitionofSafety:
•Athingissafe(toacertaindegree)withrespecttoa
givenpersonorgroupatagiventime,ifitsriskswere
fullyknown,ifthoseriskswouldbejudgedacceptable
(tothatcertaindegree),inlightofsettledvalue
principles.

6. Safety and Risk
RISK
•ARiskisthepotentialthatsomethingunwantedand
harmfulmayoccur.
•WilliamW.Lowrencehasdefinedriskas“acompound
measureoftheprobabilityandmagnitudeofadverse
effect”.
Risk = Probability of the harm ×Magnitude or consequence of the harm
•Ariskisacceptablewhenthoseaffectedaregenerallyno
longerapprehensiveaboutit.
•Doubtfulnessdependsmainlyonhowthepeopletakethe
riskorhowpeopleperceiveit.

7. Safety and Risk
RISK
•Variousfactorsthatinfluencetheperceptionofrisk
•Probabilityofrisk(possibilityofoccurrenceofrisk);
•Consequenceofrisk(Physicaldamageordeath,economic
loss,damagetoproperty,lossofmoney,anddegradation
ofenvironment);
•Voluntaryrisk(Somepeoplemaytakeriskvoluntarilyfor
thrillorfun);
•Magnitudeofrisk(numberofpeople/areainvolvedin
risk);
•Proximityofrisk(Closenessofeffectscausedbyrisk);
•Methodofinformationwidelyspreadedonrisk;
•Jobrelatedrisk(whethertheriskiscompulsorily/forcibly
takenbypersons).

8. Safety and Risk
Risk
•Theknowledgeaboutacceptancelevelofriskis
usefultoengineers.
•Designercanredesigntheproduct/projectto
includesafetymeasuressoasto
•Allowtheproductfailsafely
•Abandonitsafely
•Provideforsafeescape/evacuationfromtheproductor
site,andthuseliminateorminimizethehumanloss.

9. Safety and Risk
SafetyandRisk
•Safetywasdefinedastheriskthatisknownandjudged
asacceptable.
•Riskisapotentialthatsomethingunwantedandharmful
mayoccur.
•Itistheresultofunsafesituation,sometimes
unanticipated,duringitsuses.
•Probabilityofsafety=1–Probabilityofrisk
= Probability of occurrence ×
Consequence in magnitude

10. Types of Risk
AcceptableRisk
Voluntaryriskandcontrol
Jobrelatedrisks
Personalrisks
Publicrisks

11. Acceptable Risk
Acceptableriskreferstothelevelofhumanandproperty
injuryorlossfromanindustrialprocessthatisconsideredtobe
tolerablebyanindividual,household,group,organization,
community,region,state,ornationinviewofthesocial,
political,andeconomiccost-benefitanalysis.
Example:Forinstance,theriskoffloodingcanbeaccepted
onceevery500yearsbutitisnotunacceptableineveryten
years.
itismanagement'sresponsibilitytosettheircompany'slevelof
risk.Asasecurityprofessional,itisyourresponsibilitytowork
withmanagementandhelpthemunderstandwhatitmeansto
defineanacceptablelevelofrisk.
Eachcompanyhasitsownacceptablerisklevel,whichis
derivedfromitslegalandregulatorycompliance
responsibilities.

12. Acceptable Risk Vs Unacceptable Risk

13. Voluntary Risk
Apersonissaidtotake‘VOLUNTARYRISK’.
Whenhe/sheissubjectedtoriskbyeitherhisownactions
oractiontakenbyothers,volunteerstakethatriskwithout
anyapprehension.Ex:overroughgroundforamusement
Voluntaryriskshavetodowithlifestylechoices.Theyare
therisksthatpeopletakeknowingthattheymayhave
consequences.Theserisksincludesmokingtobacco,
drivingacar,skydiving,andclimbingaladder.
Involuntaryrisksarerisksthatpeopletakeeithernot
knowingthattheyareatrisk,ortheyareunabletocontrol
thefactthattheyareatrisk,suchassecondhandsmoke.
Theserisksoftenincludeenvironmentalhazardssuchas
lightning,tsunamis,andtornadoes.

14. Voluntary risk Vs Involuntary risk

15. Job related risks
Manyworkersaretakingrisksintheirjobsintheirstridelike
beingexposedtoasbestos.
Exposuretorisksonajobisinonesenseofvoluntarynature
sinceonecanalwaysrefusetosubmittotheworkormay
havecontroloverhowthejobisdone.
Butgenerallyworkershavenochoiceotherthanwhatthey
aretoldtodosincetheywanttosticktotheonlyjob
availabletothem.
Buttheyarenotgenerallyinformedabouttheexposureto
toxicsubstancesandotherdangerswhicharenotreadily
seen,smelt,heardorotherwisesensed.
Occupationalhealthandsafetyregulationsandunionscan
haveabettersayincorrectingthesesituationsbutstillthings
arefarbelowexpectedsafetystandards.

16. PersonalRisk
Assessingthepersonalriskisadifficulttask.
Examples:Apersonlivingnearachemicalplant
voluntarilyorinvoluntarily;Apersonworkingina
nuclearplantoroilrefineryplant.
Whileassessingthepersonalrisk,oneshouldconsiderthe
followingethicalquestions.
Howtoaccessthemoneyvalueofanindividual’slife?
Onwhatbasis,thecompensationforariskcanbe
decided?
Isthecompensationforariskbyanamountbasedonthe
exposure/toleranceoftheaveragepersonjustifiable?
Whatwillbethecompensationifthetolerancelevelof
thepersonisbeloworabovetheaveragetolerancelevel?

17. PersonalRisk
Assessingthepersonalriskisdifficult.
Anyofthefollowingmethodologiesmaybeadoptedto
assessquantitativelythepersonalrisk.
Assessthevoluntaryactivities(Lifeinsurancepolicytaken)
Assessthedegreeofoccupationalhazard(e.g.dust,radiationand
asbestosis)anditseffectonhealth.
Lossofsensesuchassight(eyes),hearing(ears)andlossoflimbsetc.
Lossofearningcapability
Getassistancebytrainedarbiter
PublicRisk
Assessingthepublicriskisrelativelyeasy.Toassessthe
publicrisk,thelossofassetsandthecorrectioncostsare
estimated.
Lossofreductioninfutureincomeorearningcapacityduetolossof
theircapability/physicaldisability.
Costassociatedwithanaccident,(transportation/treatmentetc.)
Costofwelfare(rehabilitation,alternatejobsandotherbenefits,etc.)

18. Event Tree Analysis

19. Assessment of Safety and Risk
Absolutesafetyisneverpossibletoattainandsafetycan
beimprovedinanengineeringproductonlywithan
increaseincost.
Ontheotherhand,unsafeproductsincreasesecondary
coststotheproducerbeyondtheprimary(production)
costs,likewarrantycostslossofgoodwill,lossof
customers,legalactioncosts,downtimecostsin
manufacturing,etc.
FigureindicatesthatP-Primarycostsarehighforahighly
safe(lowrisk)productandS-Secondarycostsarehighfor
ahighlyrisky(lowsafe)product.
Itshouldnowbeclearthat‘safetycomeswithaprice’
only.

20. Assessment of Safety and Risk

21. Assessment of Safety and Risk

22. Assessment of Safety and Risk
Figure 1 Relationship between risk and cost to manufacture

23. Assessment of Safety and Risk
Whatisthegoalofriskassessment?
The aim of therisk
assessmentprocessistoevaluate
hazards,thenremovethathazardor
minimizethelevelofitsriskbyadding
controlmeasures,asnecessary.By
doingso,youhavecreatedasaferand
healthierworkplace.

24. Assessment of Safety and Risk
RelationshipbetweenSafety,RiskandCost
Safety
Risk
High Low
High
High safetyand High risk,
High cost, High price
Examples: Nuclear Plant,
aircraft, missiles
Low safety and High
risk, Low cost,High
Price
Example: Automobiles
Low
HighSafety and Low risk,
High cost, Medium price
Examples: Electrical products,
safety valves
Low safety and Low
risk, Low cost, Low
price
Examples: Electronic
goods, computers
Table 1 Relationship between safety, risk, cost and price

25. Assessment of Safety and Risk
DeterminationofRisk
Inordertodeterminetherisk,oneshouldhave
knowledgeaboutthefollowingcriterions.
1.Knowledgeofrisk
2.Uncertaintiesindesign
3.TestingforSafety

26. Assessment of Safety and Risk
DeterminationofRisk
1.Knowledgeofrisk
Toassessarisk,anengineermustfirstidentifyit.
Toidentifyarisk,anengineermustfirstknowthe
informationaboutthesafetyofstandardproducts.
Thoughpastexperienceandhistoricaldataprovide
goodinformationaboutthesafetyofstandard
products,stillitisinsufficienttocompletelyassess
theriskofaproduct.
Theinformationisnotfreelysharedamongfirms,and
Therearealwaysnewapplicationsofoldtechnology
thatmakestheavailableinformationlessuseful.

27. Assessment of Safety and Risk
2.Uncertainties
Whiledesigningaproduct,thedesignengineeringmustdeal
withmanyuncertainties.
Manyoftheriskscanbeexpressedasprobabilitiesandas
educatedguesses.
Uncertaintiesareintheformofapplicationofproduct,
materialsusedforproducingtheproduct,changingeconomic
conditions,unfavorableenvironmentconditions,temperature
etc.
Newerapplicationsoftechnologiesmaysometimesremain
unpublished,publicmaynothaveawarenessabouttheupdate.
Replacingnewproductswhosebehaviorisnotfullytested,lead
toincreasedhazard,andriskpotentiality
Unexpectedoutcomeofaproduct/project.
Example

29. Safety and Risk
DifferentMethodstodeterminetherisk
1.Testingonthefunctionsofsafety-system
components
2.Destructivetesting
3.Prototypetesting
4.Simulationtesting

30. Safety and Risk
DifferentMethodstodeterminetherisk
1.Testingonthefunctionsofthesafety-systemcomponents.
2.Destructivetesting:Inthisapproach,testingisdonetillthe
componentfails.Itistooexpensive,butveryrealisticand
useful.
3.Prototypetesting:Inthisapproach,thetestingisdoneona
proportionalscalemodelwithallvitalcomponentsfixedinthe
system.Dimensionalanalysiscouldbeusedtoprojectthe
resultsattheactualconditions.
4.Simulationtesting:Withthehelpofcomputer,thesimulations
aredone.Thesafeboundarymaybeobtained.Theeffectsof
somecontrolledinputvariablesontheoutcomescanbe
predictedinabetterway.

31. Safety and Risk
RiskAnalysis
Analyticalmethodsareadoptedintestingforsafety
ofaproduct/project.
•ScenarioAnalysis
•FailureModeandEffectAnalysis(FMEA)
•FaultTreeAnalysis(FTA)
•EventTreeAnalysis(ETA)

32. Assessment of Safety and Risk

33. Assessment of Safety and Risk

35. Assessment of Safety and Risk

36. Assessment of Safety and Risk

37. Failure Mode Effect Analysis
(FMEA)

38. Assessment of Safety and Risk

39. Failure Mode Effect Analysis
(FMEA)
FMEA(FailureModeEffectAnalysis)isoneofthemost
popularmethodologiesfortheanalysisoffailurerisksof
systems.Itisaqualitative,quantitativeandcorrectivemethod.
FMEAisatoolforriskanalysisandmanagementinboth
projectandprocessphases.
FMEAisatoolforriskanalysisandmanagementinboth
projectandprocessphases.Theriskmanagementstrategy
ofFMEAisbasedoncheckingthereliabilitycharacteristicsof
asystemfromaqualitativepointofview,alsoallowingthe
evaluationofotheraspectssuchasmaintainabilityandsafety.
FMEAisafailurepreventiontool,aprojectdevelopment
methodology,andisusedinavarietyofareasrelatedto
managementqualityassessmentandanalysisofproductionand
administrativeprocesses.

40. Failure Mode Effect Analysis
(FMEA)
Example

41. Fault Tree Analysis
Faulttreeanalysis(FTA)isagraphicaltoolto
explorethecausesofsystemlevelfailures.
Itusesbooleanlogictocombineaseriesoflower
leveleventsanditisbasicallyatop-downapproach
toidentifythecomponentlevelfailures(basic
event)thatcausethesystemlevelfailure(top
event)tooccur.
Faulttreeanalysisconsistsoftwoelements
“events”and“logicgates”whichconnectthe
eventstoidentifythecauseofthetopundesired
event.

42. Assessment of Safety and Risk

43. Fault Tree Analysis

44. Fault Tree Analysis

45. Event Tree Analysis
Eventtreeanalysis(ETA)isaforward,top-
down,logicalmodelingtechniqueforboth
successandfailurethatexploresresponses
throughasingleinitiatingeventandlaysa
pathforassessingprobabilitiesofthe
outcomesandoverallsystemanalysis.

46. Assessment of Safety and Risk

47. Assessment of Safety and Risk

48. Assessment of Safety and Risk

49. Assessment of Safety and Risk
SAFEEXIT
Inthestudyofsafety,the‘SafeExit’principlesare
recommended.
Theconditionsreferredtoas‘SafeExit’are:
Theproduct,whenitfails,shouldfailsafely.
Theproduct,whenitfails,canbeabandonedsafely(itdoesnot
harmothersbyexplosionorradiation).
Usercansafelyescapefromtheproductorsite.(Shipsneed
sufficientnumberoflifeboatsforallpassengersandcrew;
multi-storeyedbuildingsneedusablefireescapes)
CategoriesofConsumers
SeasonalConsumers;PersonalConsumers;Organizational
Consumers;ImpulseConsumers;Need-basedConsumers;
DiscountdrivenConsumers;HabitualConsumers

51. Risk-Benefit Analysis
WhatisRisk-BenefitAnalysis?
Risk-benefitanalysisisatechnique,similarto‘cost-
benefitanalysis’usedtoanalyzetheriskinaprojectand
todeterminewhethertheprojectshouldbecarriedoutor
not.
Risk-benefitanalysisanswersthefollowingquestions:
Whatarethebenefitsoftheproject/product?
Istheproject/productworththerisksconnectedwith
itsuse?and
Dobenefitsoutweightherisks?
Inrisk-benefitanalysis,therisksandbenefitsofa
project/productareassignedmoneyvalues,andthemost
favorableratiobetweenrisksandbenefitsisdetermined.

52. Difference between Risk Analysis and
Risk-Benefit Analysis
Riskanalysisistheprocessofidentifyingand
analyzingpotentialissuesthatcouldnegatively
impactkeybusinessinitiativesorcriticalprojects
inordertohelporganizationsavoidormitigate
thoserisks.
Risk–benefitanalysisisanalysisthatseeksto
quantifytheriskandbenefitsandhencetheirratio.
Analyzingariskcanbeheavilydependentonthe
humanfactor.Acertainlevelofriskinourlivesis
acceptedasnecessarytoachievecertainbenefits.

55. Risk-Benefit Analysis
Conceptualdifficulties/limitationsinRisk-Benefit
Analysis
Inrisk-benefitanalysis,bothriskandbenefitsare
difficulttoquantify.Becausebothlieinthefuture.
Itshouldbenoticedthatwhotakestherisksand
whoenjoysthebenefits?Itisimportanttoensure
thatthosewhohavetakentherisksarethe
beneficiariesofit.
Itismostlydifficulttoexpressbothriskandbenefits
inacommonsetofunits.(risk–accidents/deathson
theairways;benefits–speedoftravel)

56. Risk-Benefit Analysis
EthicalImplicationsonRisk-BenefitAnalysis
Whileperformingtherisk-benefitanalysis,one
shouldkeepinmindthefollowingethicalquestions.
Underwhatconditions,someoneinsocietyis
entitledtoimposeariskonsomeoneelseonbehalf
ofasupposedbenefittoothers?
Howcanweconsidertheworst-casescenariosof
personsexposedtomaximumriskswhiletheyare
alsoobtainingonlyminimumbenefits?Aretheir
rightsviolated?Aretheyprovidedsaferalternatives?

57. Risk-Benefit Analysis
PersonalRisk
Assessingthepersonalriskisadifficulttask.
Examples:Apersonlivingnearachemicalplant
voluntarilyorinvoluntarily;Apersonworkingina
nuclearplantoroilrefineryplant.
Whileassessingthepersonalrisk,oneshouldconsiderthe
followingethicalquestions.
Howtoaccessthemoneyvalueofanindividual’slife?
Onwhatbasis,thecompensationforariskcanbe
decided?
Isthecompensationforariskbyanamountbasedonthe
exposure/toleranceoftheaveragepersonjustifiable?
Whatwillbethecompensationifthetolerancelevelof
thepersonisbeloworabovetheaveragetolerancelevel?

58. Risk-Benefit Analysis
PersonalRisk
Assessingthepersonalriskisdifficult.
Anyofthefollowingmethodologiesmaybeadoptedto
assessquantitativelythepersonalrisk.
Assessthevoluntaryactivities(Lifeinsurancepolicytaken)
Assessthedegreeofoccupationalhazard(e.g.dust,radiationand
asbestosis)anditseffectonhealth.
Lossofsensesuchassight(eyes),hearing(ears)andlossoflimbsetc.
Lossofearningcapability
Getassistancebytrainedarbiter
PublicRisk
Assessingthepublicriskisrelativelyeasy.Toassessthe
publicrisk,thelossofassetsandthecorrectioncostsare
estimated.
Lossofreductioninfutureincomeorearningcapacityduetolossof
theircapability/physicaldisability.
Costassociatedwithanaccident,(transportation/treatmentetc.)
Costofwelfare(rehabilitation,alternatejobsandotherbenefits,etc.)

59. Reducing Risk
ReducingRisk
Anapplicationwithinherentsafetywhiledesigning(e.g.LPG
cylinderisprovidedwithaprotectiveframe,thevalvehandle)
Useofredundancyprincipleininstrumentprotection/design.
(e.g.useofstandbydevice,backupforcomputerstorage)
Periodicalmonitoring(inspection)andtestingofsafetysystem
toensurereliability(e.g.Fireextinguisher)
Issueofoperationmanuals,trainingofoperatingpersonneland
regularaudits
Developmentofwell-designedemergencyevaluationplanand
regularrehearsaltoensurepreparedness,incaseofemergency.
VoluntaryRisk:(participatingincarracingandriskystunts)
Testingbecomeinappropriatewhentheproductsare
Testeddestructively
Whenthetestdurationislong
Whenthecomponentsfailingbytestsareverycostly.

60. Reducing Risk
RiskManagement
Riskmanagementmaybedefinedasthe
eradicationorminimizationoftheadverse
effectsofthepureriskstowhichan
organizationisexposed.
ElementsofRiskmanagementprogramme:
RiskIdentification
RiskEvaluation
RiskControl(Riskavoidance,Risk
transfer,RiskreductionandRisk
retention)

61. RISKIDENTIFICATION&RISKEVALUATION
TheriskidentificationandEvaluationprocessisacriticalpartof
effectivelymanagingrisksoreventsaspartofanorganization’s
operationalrisk.Risksareidentified,andthenclassifiedbyriskcategory.
Eachriskisthenassessedbasedonitsimpact,andprioritizedinorderto
directmanagementfocustowardthemostimportant.
Theprocessconsistsof4simplestepsconductedbyaRiskCommittee:
Identifypotentialrisksthatcouldimpacttheorganizationandclassify
eachriskintocategories.
Rateeachriskbasedonimpactandlikelihood,andproviderationale
andunderstandingofrootcausesrelatedtoeachrisk(additionalcriteria
canberated-someprocessesinclude‘speedofonset’and
‘vulnerability’).
Prioritizetop-ratedriskstoensuretherightonesaremanagedgoing
forward.
Developspecificactionplanstoaddresstherisks.
Reducing Risk

62. Reducing Risk
RISKCONTROL
Therearefourmainwaystomanagerisk:
1.Riskavoidance,
2.Risktransfer,
3.Riskreductionand
4.Riskretention.
Eachisapplicableunderdifferentcircumstances.
Somewaysofmanagingriskfallintomultiple
categories.Multiplewaysofmanagingriskare
oftenutilizedsimultaneously.

63. Reducing Risk
1.Riskavoidance(eliminationofrisk)
•Itinvolvescompletelyavoidingan
activitythatposesapotentialrisk.
However,thisisnotalwayspractical.
•Byavoidingriskweforfeitpotential
gains,beitinlife,inbusinessorinwith
investments.

64. Reducing Risk
2.RiskTransfer(insuringagainstrisk)
Mostcommonly,thisistobuyaninsurancepolicy.The
riskistransferredtoathird-partyentity(inmostcasesan
insurancecompany).
Tobemoreclear,thefinancialriskistransferredtoathird-
party.
Forexample,ahomeowner’sinsurancepolicydoesnot
transfertheriskofahousefiretotheinsurance
company,itonlytransfersthefinancialrisk.Ahouse
fireisstilljustaslikelyasbefore.Risksharingisalsoa
typeofrisktransfer.Forexample,membersassumea
smalleramountofriskbytransferringandsharingthe
remainderofriskwiththegroup.

65. Reducing Risk
3.RiskReduction(mitigatingrisk)
Thisistheideaofreducingtheextentorpossibilityofaloss.Thiscan
bedonebyincreasingprecautionsorlimitingtheamountofrisky
activity.
Forexample,installingasecurityalarm,smokedetectors,wearinga
seatbeltorwearingahelmetarewaysofemployingriskreduction.
Diversificationofassetsandhedgingareformsofriskreduction
withinvestments.Investmentsininformationareawayof
mitigatingriskbecauseyouarebetterinformed,thusreducingthe
uncertainty.
Anotherwayofemployingriskreductionisthesafetyinnumbers
approach.
Whendiscussingrisktransfer,wespokebrieflyaboutrisksharing.
Thelargerthenumberofpeoplesharingrisk,thelessseverethe
sharedeffectswillbe.Statistically,onlyasmallnumberof
individualsinthegroupwillexperienceanunfortunateevent.
Insurancecompaniesexistbasedonthisconcept.

66. Reducing Risk
4.RiskRetention(acceptingrisk)
Riskretentionsimplyinvolvesacceptingtherisk.Eveniftheriskis
mitigated,ifitisnotavoidedortransferred,itisretained.Retention
iseffectiveforsmallrisksthatdonotposeanysignificantfinancial
threat.
Thefinancialstatusofthefamilyorindividualwilldeterminethe
acceptabilityofarisk.
Acoupleofexamplesofriskretention:Abillionairemaynot
havetoworryaboutinsuringhiscar.Anindividualmaynotbe
abletoaffordorobtainhealthinsurance.Bothindividualsare
retainingrisk,oneisbecausethey’reableto,theotheris
becausetheyhaveto.Riskretentionaugmentsrisktransfer
throughdeductibles.Withadeductible,weretainor‘self-
insure’small,frequentoccurrencesandonlyutilizeinsurance
forneedsoveraparticulardollarthreshold,ourdeductiblelimit.

67. Engineering Responsibilities
ResponsibilitiesofanEngineer
Responsibilitiesincludebothinternalresponsibilities
(responsibilitiestoemployers)andexternal
responsibilities(responsibilitiestooutsideworld).
Engineerfunctionsatthesocio-technological‘interface’
(withscienceandtechnologyononesideand,individuals
andcommunitiesontheother)
Engineerbearsauniqueresponsibilitytodecideon
priorities,establishperformancecriteria,selectmaterials
andprocesses,andspecifyevaluationprocedures.
Majorresponsibilitiesofanengineer
ProblemSolving
Decisionmaking

68. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
InternalResponsibilities
Intoday’scompetitiveworld,thesuccessofany
organizationreliesontheteam-play.
Team-playinvolvesvirtuesof:
Collegiality
Loyalty
Respectforauthority
Collectivebargaining

69. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
COLLEGIALITY
Collegialityisthetendencytosupportandcooperate
withthecolleagues.
Itisavirtueessentialforteamworktobeeffective.
Aspects/ElementsofCollegiality
Respecttotheideasandworkofothers
Commitmenttomoralprinciples
Commitmentistowardsmoraldecision,actions,goalsofthe
organizationandvaluesoftheprofession.
Connectedness
Sharedcommitmentandmutualunderstanding;Senseofunity
amongengineers(absenceofegoism)

70. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
LOYALTY isQualityofbeingtrueand
faithfulinone’ssupport.
TwoSensesofLoyalty
AgencyLoyalty
AttitudeLoyaltyorIdentification
Loyalty

71. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
AgencyLoyalty
Itistofulfillone’scontractualdutiestoanemployer.
Thecontractualdutiesincludeparticulartasksforwhichone
ispaid,generalactivitiesofcooperatingwithcolleaguesand
followinglawfulauthoritywithintheorganization.
Example:Peoplemaynotlikethejobtheydoandhatetheir
employer,butstilltheywouldperformtheirdutyaslongas
theyareemployers.Thissenseofloyaltyisknownas
AgencyLoyalty.
AttitudeorIdentificationLoyalty
Itisconcernedwithattitudes,emotions,andasenseof
personalidentityasitdoeswithactions.
Itimpliesthatanemployeeshouldmeethis/hermoralduties
totheorganizationwithpersonalattachmentandaffirmation.

72. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
AUTHORITY
Authorityistherighttomakedecisions,rightto
directtheworkofothers,andrighttogive
orders.
Authoritycanbedefinedasthelegalrightto
commandactionbyothersandtoenforce
compliance.
TypesofAuthority
InstitutionalAuthority
ExpertAuthority

73. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
InstitutionalAuthority
InstitutionalAuthoritycanbedefinedastheinstitutionalright
giventoapersontoexercisepowerbasedontheresourcesof
institution,completethetaskandforcethemtoachievegoals.
Itisauthoritygivenbytheinstitutiontothequalified
individualsinordertomeettheirinstitutionalobjectives.
E.g.LineManagersandProjectManagershavethe
institutionaldutytomakesurethattheproducts/projectsare
completedsuccessfully.
ExpertAuthority
ExpertAuthorityisthepossessionofspecialknowledge,skills,
expertiseandcompetencetoperformsometaskortogivesome
advice.
AuthorityVs.Power

75. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
COLLECTIVEBARGAINING
Itisthebargainbythetradeunionforimprovingtheeconomic
interestsoftheworkers.
Theprocessiscollectiveinthesensethatissuerelatingtoterms
andconditionsofemploymentaresolvedbyrepresentativesof
employeesandemployersratherthanindividuals.
Thetermbargainingreferstoevolvinganagreementusing
methodslikenegotiation,discussion,exchangeoffactsand
idealsratherthanconfrontation.
ProcessofCollectiveBargaining
Presentingthecharacterofdemandsbytheunion
Negotiationsatthebargainingtable
Reachinganagreement.

76. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
COLLECTIVEBARGAINING
UnionismandProfessionalism
Collectivebargainingassumes‘unionism’.Legallyanyorganization
employingmorethan20employeescouldhaveaunion.
Employersfromunionstosafeguardtheinterestsofemployeesandto
preventexploitationofemployees.
Manyprofessionalmanagershavearguedthatethicalaspectsof
professionalisminengineeringareinconsistentwithunionideology.
AccordingtoJohnKemper,theunionismandprofessionalismare
conflictingwitheachother.Professionalismoffersimportanttothe
interestsofsocietyandoftheemployer.Butunionsconsidertheinterests
oftheemployeesaheadoftheinterestsoftheiremployer.
Anumberofprofessionalsocietieshaveemphasizedthatloyaltyto
employersandthepublicnotpossiblewithanyformofcollective
bargaining.
Manyprofessionalsocietiesindirectlyinstructtheengineersthatthey
shouldnotbecomememberoftheunions.

77. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
COLLECTIVEBARGAINING-ArgumentsoverUnions
Argumentsinfavorofunions
Unionsplayavitalroleinachievinghighsalariesandimproved
standardoflivingofemployees.
Unionsgiveemployeesagreatersenseofparticipationin
organizationdecision-making.
Unionsensurejobsecurityandprotectionagainstarbitrary
treatmenttotheemployees.
Unionshavetheabilitytoresistanyordersfromemployersto
performunethicalacts.
Unionsmaintainstabilitybyprovidinganeffectivegrievance
procedureforemployeecomplaints.
Unionscanactasacounterforcetoanyradicalpolitical
movementsthatexploittheemployees.

78. Engineering Responsibilities
Internal Responsibilities
COLLECTIVEBARGAINING-ArgumentsoverUnions
Argumentsagainstunions
Unionsshattertheeconomyofacountrybyplacingdistorting
influencesonefficientusesoflabor.
Unionsremoveperson-to-personnegotiationsbetween
employersandemployees.Thusanindividualisnotgivenmuch
importantintheprocessofcollectivebargaining.
Unionsencourageunrestandstrainedrelationsbetween
employeesandemployee.
Unionsencouragetheunhealthyconceptofjobpromotion,
salaryhikeetc.onthebasisofseniority.
Unionspreventemployerfromrewardingindividualsfortheir
personalachievements.

80. Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities
ExternalResponsibilities
Theresponsibilitiestotheoutsideworld
include:
Confidentiality
Conflictofinterest
Occupationalcrimes

81. CONFIDENTIALITY
Confidentialitymeanskeepingtheinformationonthe
employerandclientsassecrets.Itisoneoftheimportant
aspectsofteamwork.
Confidentialityisthatpracticewhichhelpstokeep
secretallinformationdeemeddesirabletokeepsecret.The
maintenanceofsecrecyreferstotheunrevealingofany
dataconcerningthecompany’sbusinessortechnical
processesthatarenotalreadyinpublicknowledge.Every
companyhassomeknowledgeandcanidentifythe
individualsandgroupsthatmighthaveaccesstoa
particularsetofinformation.Themembersofsuchgroups
sharetheresponsibilityofmaintainingconfidentiality.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

82. CONFIDENTIALITY
TermrelatedtoConfidentialInformation
PrivilegedInformation
Itrefersinformationthatisavailableonlyonthebasisofspecial
privilege.Thatis,informationavailabletoanemployeewhois
workingonaspecialassignment.
Itincludesinformationthathasnotyetbecometopublicorknown
withinanorganization.
ProprietaryInformation
Itistheinformationthatisownedbyacompany.
Itreferstoanewknowledgeestablishedwithintheorganizationthat
canbelegallyprotectedfromusebyothers.
Thistermisusedassynonymfor‘property’and‘ownership’
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

83. CONFIDENTIALITY
TradeSecrets
Atradesecretcanbeanytypeofinformationthathasnotbecome
publicandwhichanemployerhastakenstepstokeepsecret.
Thesetradesecretsmaybeaboutdesigns,technicalprocesses,plant
facilities,qualitycontrolsystems,businessplans,marketingstrategies
andsoon.
Tradesecretsaregivenlimitedlegalprotectionagainstemployeeor
contractorabuse.Inthesense,anemployercansueemployeesor
contractorsforleakingtradesecrets.
PatentsVsTradeSecrets
Patentslegallyprotectspecificproductsfrombeingmanufacturedand
soldbycompetitorswithoutthepermissionofthepatentholder.
PatentsVs.TradeSecrets:Apatentholderhaslegallyprotected
monopolypower.Butincaseoftradesecrets,thelegalprotectionis
limitedtokeepingrelationshipsofconfidentialityandtrust.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

86. CONFLICTSOFINTEREST
Situationwhereprofessionalshaveself-interest.Ifself-interestis
givenimportance,itmaykeepthemawayfrommeetingtheir
obligationstotheiremployeesorclients.
Followingaretheexamples:
Toserveasaconsultantforacompetitor’scompany
Personalinterestsuchasmakingprivateinvestmentsina
competitor’scompany
TypesofConflictsofInterest
Actualconflictsofinterestariseswhenanemployee
compromiseobjectiveengineeringjudgment.
Potentialconflictsofinterestmaycorruptprofessional
judgmentinthefuture.
Apparentconflictsofinterest:Therearesituationsinwhich
thereistheappearanceofaconflictofinterest.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

87. ConflictsofinterestandAcceptingGifts/Bribes
Mostlyengineerswhofindthemselvesinactual,potential,orapparentconflicts
ofinterestarethoseinvolvingacceptinggifts.
Whatisabribe?
Abribeissomething,suchasmoneyorafavor,offeredorgiventosomeone
inapositionoftrustinordertoinducehimtoactdishonestly.
Itissomethingofferedtoinfluenceorpersuade.
Whataretheethicalreasonsfornottoleratingbribery?
Briberycorruptsfree-marketeconomicsystemandisanticompetitive.
Briberycorruptsjusticeandpublicpolicybyallowingrichpeopletomake
alltherules.
Briberytreatspeopleascommoditiesthatcanbeboughtandsold.
Whatismeantbytheterm‘kickbacks’?
Kickbacksareanotherformofbribing.
Prearrangedpaymentsmadebycontractorstocompaniesortheir
representativesinexchangeforcontractsactuallygrantedarecalled
Kickbacks.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

88. Whenisagiftabribe?(Whatarethedifferencesbetweena
giftandabribe?)
Giftsarenotbribesaslongastheyaregratuitiesofsmaller
amounts.Butbribesareillegalandimmoralbecausetheyare
worthofsubstantialamounts.
Giftmayplayalegitimateroleinthenormalconductofbusiness
whereasabribeinfluencethejudgment.
Inoldenrules,thefollowingthumbrulewasapplied:
Agiftisabribeifonecan’teat,drinkorsmokeitinaday.
Todayamoreappropriatethumbrulesays:
Ifyouthinkthatyouroffer(oracceptance)ofaparticulargiftwouldhave
graveormerelyembarrassingconsequencesforyourcompanyifmade
public,thenthegiftshouldbeconsideredabribe.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

89. OCCUPATIONAL CRIMES
Occupationalcrimesareillegalactscommittedthrougha
person'slawfulemployment.
Itisthesecretiveviolationoflawsregardingwork
activities.
Whenprofessionalorofficeworkerscommitthe
occupationalcrimes,itisreferredas’WhiteCollar
Crime’.
Evencrimesthatareaimedatpromotingtheinterestof
one’semployerratherthanoneselfareconsideredas
occupationalcrimes.
Occupationalcrimesimpingeonvariousaspectssuchas
professionalism,loyalty,conflictofinterest,and
confidentiality.
Engineering Responsibilities
External Responsibilities

92. Rights of Engineers
Conceptofrightscanbecategorizedinto
thefollowingthreetypes:
1.HumanRights
2.EmployeeRights
a)Contractualrights
b)Non-contractualrights
3.ProfessionalRights

94. Rights of Engineers
EMPLOYEE RIGHTSaretherightsthatapplyorrefertothe
statusorpositionofemployee.
Employeesareentitledformoralorlegalrights.
Fewimportant‘employeerights’areasfollows.
Noorganizationshalldiscriminateagainstanemployeefor
criticizing.
Noorganizationshalldiscriminateagainstanemployeefor
beingengagedinoutsideactivitiesofhis/herchoice.
NoOrganizationshalldepriveanemployeeoftheenjoyment
ofreasonableprivacyinhis/herplaceofwork.
Noemployeesinanorganizationwhofindfaultthathisrights
havebeenviolated,shallbedischargedorpenalizedwithouta
fairenquiryintheorganization.
Rightstofreespeechanddissent,conscientiousrefusalright
toobeyunethicaldirectivesarealsotherightsofemployees.

95. Rights of Engineers
ContractualEmployeeRights
Theseemployeerightsareinstitutionalrightsthatariseonlydue
tothespecificagreementsintheemploymentcontract.
Examples:Thecontractualemployeerightsinclude
Righttoreceiveasalaryofacertainamount;and
Righttoreceiveothercompanybenefitssuchas
bonuses,salaryincrementsetc.
Non-contractualEmployeeRights
Thesearerightsexistingevenifnotformallyrecognizedinthe
specificcontractsorcompanypolicies.
Examples:Thenon-contractualemployeerightsinclude
Righttochooseoutsideactivities;
Righttoprivacyandemployerconfidentiality
Righttonon-discriminationandabsenceofsexual
harassmentattheworkplace.

96. Rights of Engineers
Engineershaveseveraltypesofmoralrights,apartfromhuman,
employeeandprofessionalrightsashumanbeings.
PROFESSIONAL RIGHTSaretherightspossessedbyvirtue
ofbeingprofessionalshavingspecialmoralresponsibilities.
Theprofessionalrightsinclude
Righttoexerciseone’sprofessionaljudgmentonthebasisof
his/herconscience.
Righttorefusetoinvolveinunethicalactivities
Righttowarnthepublicaboutharmsanddangers
Righttoexpressone’sprofessionaljudgment,includinghis
righttodisagree
Righttofairrecognitionandremunerationforprofessional
services
Righttotalkpubliclyaboutone’sworkwithinbounds.

97. Rights of Engineers
VariousaspectsofProfessionalRights
RightsofProfessionalconscience
Oneofthemostfundamentalrightsofengineers
Moralrighttoexerciseresponsibleprofessionaljudgmentindischarging
one’sprofessionalresponsibilities
Negativeright:itplacesanobligationonotherpeoplenottointerferewithits
exercise.
Positiveright:itplacesanobligationonotherpeopletodomorethanmerely
notinterfering.
SpecificRights
1.Rightofconscientiousrefusal
•Accordingtotheserights,noemployercanforceorpressurean
employeetodosomethingthattheemployeeconsidersunethicaland
unacceptable.
2.Righttorecognition
•Engineer’srighttoprofessionalrecognitionfortheirworkand
accomplishment
•Typesofrecognition/reward:Extrinsicrewards(monetary
remunerations);Intrinsicrewards(non-monetaryremunerations)

98. Whistle Blowing
Itistheactofreportingonunethicalconductwithinan
organizationtosomeoneoutside//insideofthe
organizationinanefforttodiscouragetheorganization
fromcontinuingtheactivity.
(reportingofwrongdoingwithinpartofan
organizationtoseniormanagement,often
confidentially.)
Typesofwhistleblowing:
Internalwhistleblowing,
Externalwhistleblowing,
Openwhistleblowing,
Anonymouswhistleblowing.

100. Whistle Blowing
WhenshouldWhistleblowingbe
attempted?
Need
Proximity
Capability
LastResort

102. Whistle Blowing
TopreventWhistleBlowing:
Companyshouldcreateastrongethics
culture;
encouragefreeandopencommunication
systemwithinorganization;
cancreateanethicsreviewcommittee;
shouldhavewillingnesstoadmit
mistakes.

103. What is “Intellectual Property”?
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

105. Intellectual Property
Whatis“intellectualproperty”?
Intangibleassetsrecognizedas“property”bythestate
Intellectualproperty(IP)referstocreationsofthemind,
suchasinventions;literaryandartisticworks;designs;and
symbols,namesandimagesusedincommerce.
Forexample,trademarks,copyrights,patents,andtrade
secrets.
Whatis“infringement”?
Unauthorizeduseofintangibleassetswhosecontrolhad
beenexclusivelygrantedtotheowner.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

107. Intellectual Property
TheWTOhasestablishedsevenelementsofIPRs,
whichareagreedbyTRIPS.
Patents
IndustrialDesigns
Trademarks
Copyrights
TradeSecrets
DesignofIntegratedCircuits
GeographicalIndications
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

108. Trademark

109. Trademark
Ifyou'restartinganewbusinessortrade,alogo,
nameorsignatureisthefirstthingyouchooseto
separateyourselffromtherest.
A"trademark"isthatsymbolyouwillusetodoso.
Registeringatrademarkisalegalprocessprovided
forundertheTradeMarksAct,1999

110. Trademark
Trademarks(®)areintellectualpropertyina
brand(suchasCoke®)

111. Copyrightisarightgivenbythelawtocreatorsof
literary,dramatic,musicalandartisticworksand
producersofcinematographfilmsandsound
recordings.
Inthecaseoforiginalliterary,dramatic,musicaland
artisticworks,thedurationofcopyrightisthelifetime
oftheauthororartist,and60yearscountedfromthe
yearfollowingthedeathoftheauthor.
Copyright

112. Copyrightlaw(©)isintellectualpropertyincreativeworks,such
asbooks,music,andmovies(andpresentations!).
Copyrightsaredesignedtoprotecttheexpressionofideas(notthe
idea!)
InIndia,undertheCopyrightAct1957,copyrightprotectionis
conferredonliteraryworks,dramaticworks,musicalworks,
artisticworks,cinematographfilmsandsoundrecording.For
example,books,computerprogramsareprotectedunder
theActasliteraryworks.
Copyrightgivestheauthorexclusiverighttomakecopiesofthe
expressionandsellthemtothepublic.
“originalworksofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumof
expression,…fromwhichtheycanbeperceived,reproduced,or
otherwisecommunicated.”
Copyright

113. ComputerSoftwareorprogrammecanberegistered
asa‘literarywork’.AsperCopyrightAct,1957,
“literarywork”includescomputerprogrammes,
tablesandcompilations,includingcomputer
databases.
Aweb-sitecontainsseveralworkssuchasliterary
works,artisticworks(photographsetc.),sound
recordings,videoclips,cinematographfilmsand
broadcastingsandcomputersoftwaretoo.Therefore,
aseparateapplicationhastobefiledforregistration
ofalltheseworks.
Copyright

114. Publicdomain-workownedbythepublic,(e.g.
government)
Workmustbeoriginaltotheauthor
“fairuseofacopyrightedwork,includingsuchuse
byreproductionincopies…forpurposessuchas
criticism,comment,newsreporting,teaching
(includingmultiplecopiesforclassroomuse),
scholarshiporresearch.”
Newownercangiveawayorsellobject
Copyright

115. Eachcopymistbemarkedwiththecopyright
symbol©orthewordCopyright,theyearandthe
author’sname
CopyrightInfringement:Unauthorizeduseof
copyrightworks.
Copyrightsforcomputersoftware(cannot
copyrightthealgorithm)
Youdonotpurchaseapieceofsoftware,justthe
licensetouseit.
Computermenudesigncanbecopyrighted,but
not“lookandfeel”
Copyright

116. Copyright

117. Apatentisaformofintellectualpropertythat
givesitsownerthelegalrighttoexcludeothers
frommaking,using,sellingandimportingan
inventionforalimitedperiodofyears,in
exchangeforpublishinganenablingpublic
disclosureoftheinvention.
Protectinventions,tangibleobjects,orwaysto
makethem,notworksofthemind.
Patentisdesignedtoprotectthedeviceorprocess
forcarryingoutanidea,nottheideaitself.
Patentgoestopersonwhoinventedtheobject
first
Algorithmsareinventionsandcanbepatented.
Patents

118. InIndia,theLawofPatentisprimarilygovernedby
thePatentActof1970.
Thetermofeverypatentgrantedis20yearsfromthe
dateoffilingofapplication.However,forapplication
filedundernationalphaseunderPatentCooperation
Treaty(PCT),thetermofpatentwillbe20years
fromtheinternationalfilingdateaccordedunder
PCT.
Patents

119. Patents

120. Trade Secrets

121. Informationthatgivesonecompanyacompetitive
edgeoverothers.
Reverseengineering–studyfinishedobjectto
determinehowitismanufacturedorhowitworks
Tradesecretprotectioncanapplytosoftware
Someexamplesoftradesecretsincludecustomer
listsandmanufacturingprocesses.
Trade Secrets

122. Benefits of Intellectual Property Rights
IPRspromotetechnological,industrialandeconomical
developmentsofacountry.
IPRsprovideincentivesfortheinventionsandensure
adequatereturnsoncommercializationoftheinvention.
IPRspreventthecompetitorsfromusingone’sinvention.
IPRsareusefulinidentifyingunprotectedareastoavoid
violation.
IPRsgrantexclusiverightstotheinventors.
IPRsprovideuseoftheinventionforthepublicpurpose.
IPRsareusefulinidentifyingunexploredareasforundertaking
researchsoastobecomealeaderinthatarea.

123. Why is IP Enforcement Important?
•IntellectualPropertyViolationscanharm
legitimateproducers(artists,musicians,and
companies),retailers,distributors(local,
importers,andexporters)andexhibitorsof
intellectualproperty.
•IntellectualPropertyViolationsthreatenpublic
healthandsafety.
•IntellectualPropertyViolationsfostergrowthofa
lawlessundergroundeconomythatescapes
accountability(suchaspayingtaxesonsales).
•IntellectualPropertyViolationsprovidefunding
forviolentdomesticandforeign-basedorganized
crimesyndicates.

124. EnforcingIPRightscanimproveproduct-
relatedhealthandsafety.
EnforcingIPRightscanfostergrowthof
economicindustries(software,hightech,
etc.).
EnforcingIPRightscanfostercreativity.
EnforcingIPRightscancreateincentivefor
investment.
EnforcingIPRightscanfulfillinternational
treatyobligations.
Why is IP Enforcement Important?

125. Discrimination
Discriminationistheunequaltreatmenttoanindividualintentionally
onunintentionally.
Discriminationreferstotreatingpeopleunfairlybecauseofone’ssex,
race,skincolor,ageorreligiousoutlook.
Itviolatesfundamentalhumanrightsoffairandequaltreatment
humans.
Discriminationdefined:Discriminationisamorallyunjustified
treatmentofpeopleonarbitraryorirrelevantgrounds.
PreferentialTreatments:Givinganadvantagetoamemberofa
groupthatinthepastwasdeniedequaltreatment,inparticular,women
andminorities.
WeakPreferentialTreatment:Givinganadvantagetomembers
oftraditionallydiscriminated-againstgroupsoverequallyqualified
applicantswhoaremembersofothergroup.
StrongPreferentialTreatment:Givingpreferencetominority
applicantsorwomenoverbetter-qualifiedapplicantsfromother
groups.

126. Discrimination
ArgumentsoverPreferentialTreatment
ArgumentsfavoringPreferentialTreatments
Arightethicswhofavorpreferentialtreatmentemphasizeson
theprincipleofcompensatoryjustice.Accordingtothem,past
violationsofrightsmustbecompensated.
Theutilitarianswhofavorpreferentialtreatmentarguethatthe
womenandminoritiesshouldbeintegratedintotheeconomic
andsocialmainstream.
ArgumentsagainstPreferentialTreatments
Itcanbearguedthatpreferentialtreatmentisastraightforward
violationofotherpeople’srightstoequalopportunity.
Itisalsoarguedthatthereistheeconomicharmthatresultsfrom
apolicyofnotconsistentlyrecruitingthebestqualifiedpersons.
Thereversediscriminationisunfairinthepresent.
SexualHarassment