Unit iv wind energy

annauniversity syllabus
renewable energy sources

1. UNIT IV
Wind Energy
syllabus
WIND ENERGY
Sources and potentials
Horizontal and vertical axis wind mills
Performance characteristics
Betz criteria
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2. Syllabus(contd)
BIOMASS
Principles of bio conversion
Anaerobic/aerobic digestion
Types of bio gas digesters
Gas yield
Combustion characteristics of bio gas
Utilization for cooking
I.C engine operation
Economic aspects
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3. Sources and potentials of wind
energy
Windenergyisanindirectformofsolar
energy
Onepercentageofsolarradiationis
convertedintowindenergy
WindresourcepotentialinIndiais34,043
MWforpowergenerationaccordingto
recentassessment.
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4. Installed capacity as on march 2018
State Total capacity (MW)
TAMIL NADU 8197
GUJARATH 5613
MAHARASTRA 4784
KARNATAKA 4509
RAJASTHAN 4298
ANDHRA PRADESH 3963
MADHYA PRADESH 2520
TELENGANA 101
KERELA 53
OTHERS 04
TOTAL 34043
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5. Sources and potentials of wind
energy(contd)
Wind energy in india may be considered cost
effective alternative to conventional sources of
electrical power.
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6. Wind turbines (OR) Wind mills
Wind turbines are machines that generate electricity
from the kinetic energy of the wind.
Today, turbines can be used to generate large amounts
of electrical energy in wind farms both onshore and
offshore
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7. Factors involved in site selection
for wind mills
Theavailabilityofwindwithsufficientkinetic
energy
Themagnitudeofwindvelocityshouldbehigh
Thewindavailabilityshouldbethroughoutthe
year
Thesiteshouldbefreefromobstacles
Availabilityofvastopenlandatalowerlandcost
Theconstructionmaterialsshouldbeavailable
andcheaper
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8. Factors involved in site
selection for wind mills(contd)
Availabilityofskilledworkers
Awayfromthepopulatedplacesbutnotaway
fromloadcentre.
Nopossibilityofstorms,floods,earthquakes,
volcanoes,etc.
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9. Advantages of wind mills
Free of energy cost,
No pollution,
No water required,
low operating costs etc
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10. Disadvantages of wind mills
Fluctuation in wind speed,
occupies more land,
Noisy
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11. Types of wind mills
BASED ON NO. OF ROTOR BLADES:
Single blade
Multi-blade rotors
BASED ON AXIS OF ROTATION :
Horizontal Axis wind mills (or) turbine (HAWT)
Vertical Axis wind mills (or) turbine (VAWT)
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12. Horizontal axis wind turbine
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13. Parts of wind turbine
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14. Horizontal axis wind turbine
More popular
Theaxisoftherotor'srotationisparalleltothewind
streamandtheground.
MostHAWTstodayaretwo-orthree-bladed,
thoughsomemayhavefewerormoreblades.
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15. Horizontal axis wind turbine
There are two kinds of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines:
1. Upwind wind turbine
2. Downwind wind turbine.
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16. Advantages of Horizontal axis wind
turbine
Higherstability
Theturbinecollectsthemaximumamountofwind
energy
Theabilitytopitchtherotorbladesinastormsothat
damageisminimized
Thetalltowerallowstheaccesstostrongerwind
Self-starting
Cheaperbecauseofhigherproductionvolume
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17. Disadvantages of Horizontal
axis wind turbine
It has difficulties operating near the ground
The tall towers and long blades
Hard to transport from one place to another
They need a special installation procedure
They can cause a navigation problem when placed
offshore
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18. Vertical axis wind turbine
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19. Vertical axis wind turbine
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20. Vertical axis wind turbine
Theverticalaxiswindturbineisanoldtechnology,
datingbacktoalmost4,000yearsago.
TherotoroftheVAWTrotatesverticallyaroundits
axis
ThisisnotasefficientasaHAWT,
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21. Vertical axis wind turbine
This does offer benefits in low wind situations wherein
HAWTs have a hard time operating.
It tends to be easier and safer to build,
This can be mounted close to the ground and handle
turbulence better than the HAWT.
its maximum efficiency is only 30%,
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22. Types of vertical axis wind turbine
Darrieus Turbine
Giromill Turbine
Savonius Turbine
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23. Comparison between HAWT and
VAWT
HAWT VAWT
Highercost Lower cost
Less noisy More noisy
More power from wind Less power from wind
Technology fully developed Technology under developed
More efficient Less efficient
Smoothoutput Fluctuatingoutput
Low starting torque Highstarting torque
Operates moderate wind speed Operates even in low wind speeds
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24. Terms Used In Wind Energy
1.Wind speed:
The speed at which the wind is flowing.
2. Cut-in speed:
The minimum speed of turbine at which the
turbine starts developing power. e.g. 5 m/s
3. Cut-off (Furling) speed:
Themaximum speedofturbineatwhichthe
turbinestopsdevelopingpower.e.g.30m/s.Itsfor
safeoperationofwindturbine.
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25. Terms Used In Wind Energy
4. Power of wind,
P = 0.5 ρ A V3.
Where A –Swept area of rotors,
V-Velocity of wind ,
ρ–Density of air
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26. Terms Used In Wind Energy
5. Betz’ limit or law:
The theoretical maximum possible power can be
extracted from the wind energy.
Its value is 59.3% of power available in the wind.
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27. Terms Used In Wind Energy
6. Power co-efficient
Power co-efficient is the ratio of power output of
the turbine to the power available in the wind.
Power co-efficient = Power output of the
turbine/power available in
the wind
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28. Performance characteristics
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29. Performance characteristics
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30. Performance characteristics
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32. Performance characteristics
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33. Performance
characteristics(contd.,)
The ideal efficiency of 59.3% is based on Betz’s
limit.
The single rotor, Darrius rotor, multi-blade rotors
etc are given in the graph
The range of speed ratio with the power co-eff is
compared.
The three blade rotor machine performs better in
the speed ratio as well as power developed.
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34. Performance
characteristics(contd.,)
The Savonius rotor works at lower speed ratio but
the power co-efficient is also very low.
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35. Factors Affecting Performance of wind
turbine
various factors such as
1.location,
2.geographical factors,
3.mechanics,
4.rotor shape/ size, etc
Output can be regulated by
1.constant or variable rotational speed,
2.adjustable and non-adjustable blades.
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36. Power equation and Betz criteria
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37. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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38. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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39. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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40. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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41. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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42. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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43. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
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44. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
AGerman physicistAlbertBetz
concludedin1919thatnowindturbine
canconvertmorethan16/27(59.3%)of
thekineticenergyofthewindinto
mechanicalenergyturningarotor.
ThisisknownastheBetzLimitorBetz'
Law.
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45. BIOMASS
Principles of bio conversion
Anaerobic/aerobic digestion
Types of bio gas digesters
Gas yield
Combustion characteristics of bio gas
Utilization for cooking
I.C engine operation
Economic aspects
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46. Introduction
Bioenergyisthegeneraltermfor
energyderivedfrommaterialssuchas
wood,straworanimalwastes
Bioenergycanbeconvertedintothe
following
1.biofuels
2.charcoal
3.biodiesel
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47. Bioenergy cycle
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48. Carbon cycle
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49. Biomass sources
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50. Biomass sources
Tropical crops wastes
1.Bagasse
2.Rise husks
Animal wastes
1.Animal manure
2.Sewage sludge
3.Poultry litter
Municipal solid waste
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51. Principles of bio conversion
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52. Principles of bio conversion
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53. Thermo-chemical conversion
Energyisproducesbyapplyingheatandchemical
processes.
1.Combustionprocess
2.PyrolysisProcess
3.Gasificationprocess
4.Liquefactionprocess
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54. Combustion process
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55. Combustion process(contd,.)
Combustionisanexothermicchemicalreaction,
inwhichbiomassisburnedinthepresenceofair.
Thechemicalenergywhichisstoredinthe
biomassisconvertedinthemechanicaland
electricalenergies.
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56. Pyrolysis Process
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57. Pyrolysis Process( contd,.)
Itistheprocessofconversionof
biomasstoliquid(bio-oil),solid
(charcoal)andgaseous(fuelgases)
productsbyheatingintheabsence
ofairat500°C.
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58. Gasification process
Inbiomassgasification,charcoal,
woodchips,energycrops,forestry
residues,agriculturalwasteand
otherwastesaretransformedinto
flammable gases at high
temperature(800-1000°C).
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59. Gasification process
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60. Gasification process
The Fischer–Tropsch reactor
processisacollectionofchemical
reactionsthatconvertsamixture
of CO and H2 into
liquidHydrocarbons
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61. Liquefaction process
Itistheprocessinwhich
biomassisconvertedintoliquid
phaseatlowtemperatures(250-
350°C)andhighpressures(100-
200bar).
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62. Liquefaction process(contd,.)
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63. Liquefaction process(contd,.)
Fermentationis a
metabolicprocessthat produces
chemical changes in organic
substrates through the action of
enzymes
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64. Bio-Chemical conversion
Biochemicalconversionmakesuseof
theenzymesofbacteriaandotherliving
organismstobreakdownbiomassand
convertitintofuels.
1.Anaerobic digestion process
2. fermentation
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65. Anaerobic digestion process
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66. Anaerobic digestion process
Thisisaprocessinwhichorganic
materialdirectlyconvertedtoagas
whichistermedasbiogas.
Itismixtureofmethane,carbondioxide
andothergaseslikehydrogensulphide
insmallquantities.
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67. Anaerobic digestion process
Biomassisconvertedinanaerobic
environmentbybacteria,
whichproducesagashavinganenergy
of20-40%oflowerheatingvalueofthe
feedstock.
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68. Fermentation process
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69. Fermentation process
Fermentationisananaerobicprocess
thatbreaksdowntheglucosewithin
organicmaterials.
Itisaseriesofchemicalreactionsthat
convertsugarstoethanol.
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70. Fermentation process
The basic fermentation process involves
the conversion of a plant’s glucose (or
carbohydrate) into an alcohol or acid.
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71. Biogas
The biogasis used for cooking, domestic
lighting and heating, run I.C. Engines
and generation of electricity for use in
agriculture and rural industry.
Family biogas plants usually of 2-3 m^3
capacity.
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72. Biogas
Biogas contains
55-65% methane,
30-40% carbon dioxide
The rest being H2,H2S and some N2
Biogas can be produced from the
decomposition of animal, plant and human
waste.
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73. Raw materials
Cow dung
Sewage
Crop residues
Vegetable wastes
Water hyacinth
Poultry droppings
Pig manure
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74. Advantages
Theinitialinvestmentislowforthe
constructionofbiogasplant.
Thetechnologyisverysuitableforruralareas.
Biogasislocallygeneratedandcanbeeasily
distributedfordomesticuse.
Biogasreducestheruralpoorfrom
dependenceontraditionalfuelsources,which
leadtodeforestation
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75. Advantages
Theuseofbiogasinvillagehelpsinimproving
thesanitaryconditionand checks
environmentalpollution.
Theby-productslikenitrogenrichmanure
canbeusedwithadvantage.
Biogasreducesthedrudgeryofwomenand
lowersincidenceofeyeandlungdiseases
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76. Biogas generation
Digestionisbiologicalprocessthatoccursin
theabsenceofoxygenandinthepresenceof
anaerobicorganismsattemperatures(35-70ºc)
andatmosphericpressure.
Thecontainerinwhich,thisprocesstakes
placeisknownasdigester.
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77. Biogas generation
Mostorganicmaterialsundergoanatural
anaerobicdigestioninthepresenceofmoisture
andabsenceofoxygenandproducebiogas.
Thebiogassoobtainedisamixtureofmethane
(CH4):55-65%andCarbondioxide(CO2):30-40%.
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78. Anaerobic digestion:
Thetreatmentofanyslurryorsludge
containingalargeamountoforganic
matterutilizingbacteriaandother
organismsunderanaerobicconditionis
commonly referredasanaerobic
digestionordigestion.
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79. Anaerobic digestion(phases)
The three stages are
(i). The enzymatic hydrolysis,
(ii). Acid formation and
(iii). Methane formation.
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80. The enzymatic hydrolysis
Where the fats, starches and proteins contained
in cellulosic biomass are broken down into simple
compounds
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81. Acid formation
Themicroorganismsoffacultativeandanaerobic
groupcollectivelycalledasacidfarmers,hydrolyse
andferment,arebrokentosimplecompounds
intoacids
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82. Methane formation
Whereorganicacidsareconvertedinto
methane(CH4)andcarbondioxide(CO2).
(C
6H10O5)n+nH2O====3nCO2+3nCH4
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83. Advantages of anaerobic digestion
1.Calorific value of gas
2.New sludge production
3.Stable sludge
4.Low running cost
5.Low odour
6.Stability
7.Value of sludge
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84. Classification of biogas plants
1.Continuous and batch types
2.The dome and drum types
3.Different variations in the drum type
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85. Continuous and batch types
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95. Types of biogas plants(digesters)
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96. Utilization of biogas
1.House hold cooking
2.Lighting
3.Operating small engines
4.Utilizing power for pumping water
5.Grinding flour
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97. IC ENGINE OPERATION USING BIOGAS
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98. Utilization for cooking
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BIOGAS PRETREATMENT
GASSIFICATION
COOKING