Unit5

1. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/1


NON-FLOW PROCESS
OBJECTIVES

General Objective: To understand and apply the concept of non-flow process in
thermodynamics
Specific Objectives: At the end of the unit you will be able to:
define and calculate the following non-flow processes:
· polytropic
· constant volume
· constant pressure
UNIT 5

2. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/2

5.0NON-FLOW PROCESS
In a close system, although energy may be transferred across the boundary in the
form of work energy and heat energy, the working fluid itself never crosses the
boundary. Any process undergone by a close system is referred to as non-flow
process.
The equation for non-flow process is given as follows:
U1 + Q = U2 + W
or,U2 – U1 = Q –W
In words, this equation states that in a non-flow process, the change in the internal
energy of the fluid is equal to the nett amount of heat energy supplied to the fluid
minus the nett amount of work energy flowing from the fluid.
This equation is known as the non-flow energy equation, and it will now be
shown how this may apply to the various non-flow processes.
Processes, which are
undergone by a system
when the working fluid
cannot cross the
boundary, are called
non-flow process.

INPUT

3. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/3

5.1Polytropic process (pV
n
= C)
This is the most general type of process, in which both heat energy and work
energy cross the boundary of the system. It is represented by an equation in the
form
pV
n
= constant (5.1)
If a compression or expansion is performed slowly, and if the piston cylinder
assembly is cooled perfectly, then the process will be isothermal. In this case the
index n = 1.
If a compression or expansion is performed rapidly, and if the piston cylinder
assembly is perfectly insulated, then the process will be adiabatic. In this case the
index n = g.
If a compression or expansion is performed at moderate speed, and if the piston
cylinder assembly is cooled to some degree, then the process is somewhere
between those discussed above. Generally, this is the situation in many
engineering applications. In this case the index n should take some value, which is
between 1 and g depending on the degree of cooling.
Some practical examples include:
compression in a stationary air compressor(n = 1.3)
compression in an air compressor cooled by a fan(n = 1.2)
compression in a water cooled air compressor(n = 1.1)
Figure 5.1 Polytropic process
W
Qloss
P
vv1 v2
W
1
2
P1
P2
pV
n
=C

4. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/4

Equation 5.1 is applied at states 1 and 2 as:
nn
VpVp
2211
=
or
n
V
V
p
p
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
2
1
1
2
(5.2)
Also, for a perfect gas, the general property relation between the two states is
given by
2
22
1
11
T
Vp
T
Vp
= (5.3)
By the manipulation of equations 5.2 and 5.3 the following relationship can be
determined:
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
-
-
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
n
n
n
V
V
p
p
T
T
(5.4)
By examining equations 5.2 and 5.4 the following conclusions for a polytropic
process on a perfect gas can be drawn as:
An increase in volume results in a decrease in pressure.
An increase in volume results in a decrease in temperature.
An increase in pressure results in an increase in temperature.
Work transfer:
Referring to the process represented on the p-V diagram (Fig.5.1) it is noted that
the volume increases during the process.
In other words the fluid is expands and the expansion work is given by
ò
=
2
1
pdVW
=ò
2
1
dV
V
c
n
(since pV
n
= C, a constant)
= ò
2
1
n
V
dV
c

5. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/5

=
1
2211
-
-
n
VpVp
[larger pV- small pV] (5.5)
Note that after expansion p2 is smaller than p1. In the p – V diagram, the shaded
area under the process represents the amount of work transfer.
Since this is an expansion process (i.e. increase in volume), the work is done by
the system. In other words, the system produces work output and this is shown by
the direction of the arrow representing W as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Heat transfer:
Energy balance is applied to this case (Fig.5.1) as:
U1 – Qloss - W = U2
Qloss = (U1 – U2) – W
or
W = (U1 – U2) - Qloss
Thus, in a polytropic expansion the work output is reduced because of the heat
loses.
Referring to the process represented on the p–V diagram (Fig.5.1) it is noted that
during this process the volume increases and the pressure decreases. For a perfect
gas, equation 5.4 tells us that a decrease in pressure will result in a temperature
drop.
For adiabatic process:
W=
For polytropic process:
W=

6. The combustion gases in a petrol engine cylinder are at 30 bar and 800
o
C
before expansion. The gases expand through a volume ratio (
1
2
V
V
) of (
1
5.8
) and
occupy 510 cm
3
after expansion. When the engine is air cooled the polytropic
expansion index n = 1.15. What is the temperature and pressure of the gas after
expansion, and what is the work output?
NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/6

Example 5.1
Solution to Example 5.1
State 1 State 2
Data:p1 = 30 bar;T1 = 800 + 273 = 1073 K; n = 1.15
1
2
V
V
= 8.5;V2 = 510 cm
3
;
t2 = ? p2 = ? W = ?
Considering air as a perfect gas, for the polytropic process, the property relation is
given by equation 5.4 as:
1
2
1
12
-
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
n
V
V
TT
=
115.1
5.8
1
1073
-
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
x

= 778.4 K
= 505.4
o
C
P1= 30 bar
t1 = 800
o
C
Qloss
W
V2 = 510 cm
3
p2 = ?
t2 = ?

7. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/7

From equation 5.2
n
V
V
pp
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
2
1
12
=
15.1
5.8
1
x 30
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
= 2.56 bar
Now,
V2 = 510 cm
3
= 510 x 10
-6
m
3
and,
1
2
V
V
= 8.5
Then,
5.8
10510
6
1
-
=
x
V
= 60 x 10
-6
m
3
Work output during polytropic expansion is given by equation 5.5 as:
W =
1
2211
-
-
n
VpVp
[larger pV- small pV]
=
115.1
)10510()1056.2()1060)(1030(
6565
-
--
--
xxxx
= 330 J
= 0.33 kJ

8. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/8

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
5.10.112 m
3
of gas has a pressure of 138 kN/m
2
. It is compressed to
690 kN/m
2
according to the law pV
1.4
= C. Determine the new volume of
the gas.
5.20.014 m
3
of gas at a pressure of 2070 kN/m
2
expands to a pressure of
207 kN/m
2
according to the law pV
1.35
= C. Determine the work done by
the gas during expansion.
5.3 A cylinder containing 0.07 kg of fluid has a pressure of 1 bar, a volume of
0.06 m
3
and a specific internal energy of 200 kJ/kg. After polytropic
compression, the pressure and volume of the fluid are 9 bar and 0.011 m
3
respectively, and the specific internal energy is 370 kJ/kg.
Determine
a) the amount of work energy required for the compression
b) the quantity and direction of the heat energy that flows during the
compression.
Activity 5A

9. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/9

Feedback To Activity 5A
5.1Since the gas is compressed according to the law pV
1.4
= C, then,
4.1
22
4.1
11
VpVp =
\
4.1
1
2
2
1
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
V
V
p
p
or
4.1/1
2
1
1
2
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
p
p
V
V
from which,
4.1/1
2
1
12 ÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
p
p
VV =
4.1
2
1
1
p
p
V
= 0.012 x
4.1
690
138
= 0.0348 m
3
5.2The work done during a polytropic expansion is given by the expression:
W =
1
2211
-
-
n
VpVp
[larger pV- small pV]
In this problem V2 is, as yet, unknown and must therefore be calculated.
Now
nn
VpVp
2211
=
\
n
p
p
VV
/1
2
1
12 ÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
or V2 = 0.014 x
35.1/1
207
2070
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
V2 = 0.077 m
3

10. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/10

\ Work done =
135.1
)077.010207014.0102070(
33
-
- xxxx
= 37.3 x 10
3
Nm
= 37.3 x 10
3
J
= 37.3 kJ
5.3a) For a polytropic process,
nn
VpVp
2211
=
In the given case
1 x 0.06
n
= 9 x 0.011
n
\
9
011.0
06.0
=÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
n

n = 1.302
W =
1
2211
-
-
n
VpVp
=
1302.1
)0111.0109()06.0101(
55
-
- xxxx
= -13.2 kJ
The negative sign indicates that work energy would flow into the
system during the process.
b) The non-flow energy equation gives
Q – W = U2 – U1
Q – (- 13.2) = ( 370 x 0.07 ) – ( 200 x 0.07 )
\ Q = - 1.3 kJ
The negative sign indicates that heat energy will flow out of the
fluid during the process.

11. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/11

5.2Constant volume process
If the change in volume during a process is very small then that process may be
approximated as a constant volume process. For example, heating or cooling a
fluid in a rigid walled vessel can be analysed by assuming that the volume
remains constant.
a) Heating b) Cooling
Figure 5.2 Constant volume process (V2=V1)
The general property relation between the initial and final states of a perfect gas is
applied as:
2
22
1
11
T
Vp
T
Vp
=
If the volume remain constant during the process, V2 = V1 and then the above
relation becomes
2
2
1
1
T
p
T
p
=
or
1
2
1
2
p
p
T
T
= (5.6)
From this equation it can be seen that an increase in pressure results from an
increase in temperature. In other words, in constant volume process, the
temperature is proportional to the pressure.
p
v
2
1
Q
p
v
2
1
Q
INPUT

12. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/12

Work transfer:
Work transfer (pdV) must be zero because the change in volume, dV, during the
process is zero. However, work in the form of paddle-wheel work may be
transferred.
Heat transfer:
Applying the non flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
gives Q – 0 = U2 – U1
i.e. Q = U2 – U1 (5.7)
This result, which is important and should be remembered, shows that the nett
amount of heat energy supplied to or taken from a fluid during a constant volume
process is equal to the change in the internal energy of the fluid.
5.3Constant pressure process
If the change in pressure during a process is very small then that process may be
approximated as a constant pressure process. For example, heating or cooling a
liquid at atmospheric pressure may be analysed by assuming that the pressure
remains constant.
Figure 5.3 Constant pressure process
W
Q
P
v
v
1
v
2
W
1
2
v2 – v1
p

13. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/13

Consider the fluid in the piston cylinder as shown in Figure 5.2. If the load on the
piston is kept constant the pressure will also remain constant.
The general property relation between the initial and final states of a perfect gas is
applied as:
2
22
1
11
T
Vp
T
Vp
=
If the pressure remain constant during the process, p2 = p1 and then the above
relation becomes
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=
or
1
2
1
2
V
V
T
T
= (5.8)
From this equation it can be seen that an increase in volume results from an
increase in temperature. In other words, in constant pressure process, the
temperature is proportional to the volume.
Work transfer:
Referring to the process representation on the p-V diagram it is noted that the
volume increases during the process. In other words, the fluid expands. This
expansion work is given by
ò
=
2
1
pdVW
ò
=
2
1
dVp (since p is constant)
= p (V2 – V1) (larger volume – smaller volume) (5.9)
Note that on a p-V diagram, the area under the process line represents the amount
of work transfer. From Figure 5.3
W = area of the shaded rectangle
= height x width
= p (V2 – V1) (larger volume – smaller volume)
This expression is identical to equation 5.9

14. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/14

Heat transfer:
Applying the non flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
or Q = (U2 – U1) + W (5.10)
Thus part of the heat supplied is converted into work and the remainder is utilized
in increasing the internal energy of the system.
Substituting for W in equation 5.10
Q = (U2 – U1) + p(V2 – V1)
= U2 – U1 + p2 V2 – p1 V1 (since p2 = p1 )
= (U2 + p2 V2) – (U1 + p1 V1)
Now, we know that h = u + pv or H = U + pV
Hence
Q = H2 – H1 (larger H – smaller H) (5.11)
Referring to the process representation on the p-v diagram shown in Figure 5.3, it
is noted that heating increases the volume. In other words, the fluid expands. For
a perfect gas, equation 5.8 tells us that an increase in volume will result in
corresponding increase in temperature.
For constant volume process:

W = 0
For constant pressure process:
W = p (V
2
– V
1
)

15. The specific internal energy of a fluid is increased from 120 kJ/kg to 180 kJ/kg
during a constant volume process. Determine the amount of heat energy
required to bring about this increase for 2 kg of fluid.
NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/15

Example 5.2
Solution to Example 5.2
The non flow energy equation is
Q – W = U2 – U1
For a constant volume process
W = 0
and the equation becomes
Q = U2 – U1
\ Q = 180 – 120
= 60 kJ/kg
Therefore for 2 kg of fluid
Q = 60 x 2 = 120 kJ
i.e.120 kJ of heat energy would be required.

16. 2.25 kg of fluid having a volume of 0.1 m
3
is in a cylinder at a constant
pressure of 7 bar. Heat energy is supplied to the fluid until the volume
becomes 0.2 m
3
. If the initial and final specific enthalpies of the fluid are
210 kJ/kg and 280 kJ/kg respectively, determine
a) the quantity of heat energy supplied to the fluid
b) the change in internal energy of the fluid
NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/16

Example 5.3
Solution to Example 5.3
Data:p = 7.0 bar;V1 = 0.1 m
3
;V2 = 0.2 m
3
a) Heat energy supplied = change in enthalpy of fluid
Q = H2 – H1
= m( h2 - h1 )
= 2.25( 280 – 210 )
= 157.5 kJ
b) For a constant pressure process
W = P(V2 – V1)
= 7 x 10
5
x ( 0.2 – 0.1)
= 7 x 10
4
J
= 70 kJ
Applying the non-flow energy equation
Q – W = U2 – U1
gives
U2 – U1 = 157.5 – 70
= 87.5 kJ

17. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/17

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE
NEXT INPUT…!
5.4The pressure of the gas inside an aerosol can is 1.2 bar at a temperature of
25
o
C. Will the aerosol explode if it is thrown into a fire and heated to a
temperature of 600
o
C? Assume that the aerosol can is unable to withstand
pressure in excess of 3 bar.
5.50.05 kg of air, initially at 130
o
C is heated at a constant pressure of 2 bar
until the volume occupied is 0.0658 m
3
. Calculate the heat supplied and
the work done.
5.6A spherical research balloon is filled with 420 m
3
of atmospheric air at a
temperature of 10
o
C. If the air inside the balloon is heated to 80
o
C at
constant pressure, what will be the final diameter of the balloon?
Activity 5B

18. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/18

Feedback To Activity 5B
5.4Data:p1 = 1.2 bar; T1= 25 + 273 = 298 K
T2 = 600 + 273 = 873 K;p2 = ?
We can idealize this process at constant volume heating of a perfect gas.
Applying the general property relation between states 1 and 2
2
22
1
11
T
Vp
T
Vp
=
in this case V2 = V1
Hence,
2
2
1
1
T
p
T
p
=
or
2
2
12
T
T
pp=
= 1.2 x
298
873
= 3.52 bar
Since the aerosol cannot withstand pressures above 3 bar, it will clearly
explode in the fire.

19. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/19

5.5Data: m = 0.5 kg;p = 2 bar;V2 = 0.0658 m
3
;
T1 = 130 + 273 =403 K
Using the characteristic gas equation at state 2
T2 =
mR
Vp
22
=
3
5
10 x 287.0 x 05.0
0658.0 x 10 x 2

= 917 K
For a perfect gas undergoing a constant pressure process, we have
Q = mcp(T2 – T1)
i.e. Heat supplied = 0.05 x 1.005(917 – 403)
= 25.83 kJ
W = p (V2 – V1)
From equation pV = RT
\ Work done = R (T2 – T1)
= 0.287(917 – 403)
i.e.Work done by the mass of gas present = 0.05 x 0.287 x 514
= 7.38 kJ

20. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/20

5.6 Data:T1 = 10 + 273 = 283 K;T2 = 80 + 273 = 353 K
V1 = 420 m
3
; V2 = ?
Applying the general property relation between states 1 and 2
2
22
1
11
T
Vp
T
Vp
=
Since the air is heated at constant pressure p1 = p2
Then,
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=
or V2 =
1
2
1
T
T
V
= 420 x
283
353
= 523.9 m
3
Since the balloon is a sphere, V2 =
3
3
4
rp
wherer = radius of the balloon
Hence,
523.9 =
3
3
4
rp
Solving gives r = 5 m
Final diameter of balloon, d = 2r = 2 x 5 = 10 m

21. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/21

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment
section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback to Self-
Assessment on the next page. If you face any problem, discuss it with your
lecturer. Good luck.
1. A receiver vessel in a steam plant contains 20 kg of steam at 60 bar and
500
o
C. When the plant is switched off, the steam in the vessel cools at
constant volume until the pressure is 30 bar. Find the temperature of the
steam after cooling and the heat transfer that has taken place.
2.0.25 kg of combustion gas in a diesel engine cylinder is at temperature of
727
o
C. The gas expands at constant pressure until its volume is 1.8 times its
original value. For the combustion gas, R = 0.302 kJ/kgK and
cp = 1.09 kJ/kgK. Find the following:
a) temperature of the gas after expansion
b) heat transferred
c) work transferred
3. A quantity of gas has an initial pressure and volume of 0.1 MN/m
2
and
0.1 m
3
, respectively. It is compressed to a final pressure of 1.4 MN/m
2
according to the law pV
1.26
= constant. Determine the final volume of the
gas.
4.A mass of 0.05 kg of air at a temperature of 40
o
C and a pressure of 1 bar is
compressed polytropicly at 7 bar following the law pV
1.25
= C. Determine the
following:
a)Intial volume
b)final volume
c)work transfer
d)heat transfer
e)change in internal energy
SELF-ASSESSMENT

22. NON-FLOW PROCESS J2006/5/22

Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now.
1. 233.8
o
C; 14380 kJ rejected
2. 1527
o
C; 218 kJ added; 60.4 kJ output
3. 0.01235 m
3
4. 158.9
o
C; 12390 cm
3
; 6.82 kJ input; 2.56 kJ rejected; 4.26 kJ increase
Feedback to Self-Assessment
CONGRATULATION
S!!!!…May success be
with you always…