Unit5-Report writingreseaech methodology.pptx

research methodology

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 1 Dr. Praveen Kumar Faculty – Department of Mechanical Engineering G Pullaiah College of Engineering & Technology, Kurnool

2. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 2 Research Report Writing: Format of the Research report, Synopsis, Dissertation, Thesis its Differentiation, References/Bibliography/ Webliography , Technical paper writing/Journal report writing, making presentation, Use of visual aids. Research Proposal Preparation: Writing a Research Proposal and Research Report, Writing Research Grant Proposal TABLE OF CONTENT

3. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 3

4. Report "A report is a statement of collected and considered facts, so drawn-up as to give clear and Concise-information to persons who are not ready in possession of the full facts of the subject matter of the report" . A research report is:   A written document or oral presentation based on a written document that communicates the purpose, scope, objective(s), hypotheses, methodology, findings, limitations and finally, recommendations of a research project to others.

5. Writing the Research Report The purpose of the written report is to present the results of your research, but more importantly to provide a persuasive argument to readers of what you have found.

6. Characteristics of Research Report Accuracy Simplicity Conciseness or Brevity (shortness) & appearance Comprehensibility & readability Reliability & economy Timelines Logical content Completeness

7. Report should show originality It must provide ready availability of the findings . The layout must be appropriate and accordance with the objective. Report should be free from grammatical mistakes . Report must present the logical analysis of the subject matter. Index must be prepared and appended at the end. Report must be attractive in appearance, neat & clear whether typed or printed.

8. Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all the technical data in the report. Bibliography of sources consulted is must for good report.

9. Guidelines for writing Research report Be objective Minimize the use of technical language Use present tense and active voice Treat the data confidentially Revise and rewrite Use visual aids

10. 10 REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION PROCESS

11. TYPES OF RESEARCH REPORT

12. 1. Technical Report: A  technical report (also: scientific report) is a document that describes the process, progress, or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem.   It might also include recommendations and conclusions of the research.  Technical report is suitable for a target audience of researchers, research managers or other people familiar with and interested in the technicalities such as research design, sampling methods, statistical details etc., Nature of the study Research methodology Details of data Analysis of data & preparation of findings Summary of results Conclusions Bibliography Technical appendices Index

13. 2. Popular Report It gives emphasis on simplicity and attractiveness. The simplification should be sought through clear writing, minimization of technical, particularly mathematical , details and liberal use of charts and diagrams .   Attractive layout along with large print , many subheadings , even an occasional cartoon now and then is another characteristics feature of the popular report.  

14. General outline of popular report: Findings and their implications Recommendations for their follow-up Objective of the study- a general view of how the problem arises is presented along with the specific objectives of the project under study.   Methods employed- a brief and non-technical description of the methods and techniques used, including a short review of the data on which the study is based is given in this part of the report.   Results- it constitutes the main body of the report where in the results are presented in clear and non-technical terms with Liberal use of all sorts of illustration such as charts, diagrams.   Technical appendices.

15. 3. Interim report   In projects, an  interim  report is often compiled to analyze how the project is proceeding , before its final completion . This short report may contain either the first results of the analysis of some aspects completely analyzed.   It facilitates the sponsoring agency to take action without waiting for the full report. It helps to keep alive the agency's interest in the study and prevent misunderstandings about the delay . This repot also enables the researcher to find the appropriate style of reporting.   Interim analysis  is important in medical trials, to ensure that the patients are not exposed to unnecessary danger during the trial.

16. 4. Summary report  Summary report usually contains a brief statement of the problem or proposal covered in the major document(s), background information, concise analysis and main conclusions. It is intended as an aid to decision-making by managers and has been described as possibly the most important part of a  business plan .  They must be short and to the point.

17. 4. Summary report It just contains a brief reference to the objective of the study, its major findings and their implications . It size is so limited as to be suitable for publication in daily newspaper .

18. 5. Algorithmic research report An algorithm is a well defined sequence of steps to solve a problem in industry, business and government. There are problems, viz., production scheduling, JIT, supply chain management, line balancing, layout design, portfolio management, etc., which exists in reality. The solution for the above problems can be obtained through algorithms.

19. Report Structure Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion & Conclusion References Participants Design Apparatus/Materials Procedure

20. Report Structure or Layout of the report

21. Preliminary Pages Include These must be title of the research topic and data. There must be preface of foreword to the research work. It should be followed by table of contents. The list of tables, maps should be given. Introductory pages Title Acknowledgements Abstract Table of contents List of tables List of charts/figures

22. Acknowledgements While carrying out the research, the researcher would have received help from different persons and organizations. So, all those helps should be acknowledged under this heading. In an academic research, a sample list of people who are to be acknowledged is as follows: Research supervisor Organizational head Colleagues of the department who rendered their valuable suggestions and criticism during the research period. The executives in different organizations who provided data and literature for the research.

23. Abstract Abstract gives the overview of the research report outlining the title of the research, objective(s), shortcomings of exiting literatures, need for further research, proposed measures of performance and research methods, results of comparison and highlights of inference and a brief mention about a case study. Table of contents Table of contents is the catalogue of the research report which summarizes every aspect of the report. The table of contents is an outline of the order of the chapters, sections and sub sections with their respective pages

24. List of tables In research reports, the data and results are presented in the form of tables for quick grasp. Each and every .

25. (B) Main text It provides the complete outline of research report along with all details. The title page is reported in the main text. Details of text are given continuously as divided in different chapters. Introduction Literature review Statement of the problem Objectives of the study Limitations of the study Research methodology Data Analysis Conclusions Bibliography Appendices

26. Introduction The ch apter on introduction should begin with the background of the research topic and state of the art scenario in brief. The origin and development of the research concept along with the most significant contributions in the past must be summarized in this chapter.

27. The Written Literature Review A literature review is a summary of the major studies that have been published on a research topic . Literature review is usually included as part of the introduction in research papers. This focuses on the past literature in the field of research and its classification under different angles.

28. The Written Literature Review The literature review should accomplish three goals: It should identify the major findings on a topic up to the present; It should point out the principal deficiencies of these studies or provide a sense of what is lacking in the literature; and It should conclude by leading into your research question, by explaining how your research proposes to contribute to the literature or address some short-coming of a previous study.

29. Statement of the problem This is crux of his research. It highlights main theme of his study. It must be in nontechnical language. It should be in simple manner so ordinary reader may follow it. The social research must be made available to common man. The research in agricultural problems must be easy for farmers to read it.

30. Objectives of the study The specific objectives of the research need to be set forth clearly. The reader must know exactly what the report is. Based on the direction of the literature review, the researcher should clearly spell out the objectives of the research and related hypothesis.

31. Limitations of the study The report should also point out the main limitations of the research reported therein. This can be helpful to the reader who can form his own opinion as to how far the results are liable.

32. Research methodology Research methodology aims to finalize the activities of research design and data collection procedure. Research Design: Research design denotes the description of the research technique. It defines exploratory, conclusive and experimental design. Data Collection methods: The methodology reveals the methods of data collection. There may be primary sources and secondary sources of data collection. Sampling: In describing the sampling procedure, it is first necessary to indicate the nature of the universe studied. The exact sampling units, such as stores, consumers or business executives, must be defined and the geographical limit be specified. Fieldwork: The researcher should explain the quality and nature of the field force.

33. Data Analysis This chapter deals with the application of statistical tools for the analysis of data and making inferences. The data analysis can be classified into Preliminary analysis: In preliminary analysis, the data are presented in the form of charts and graphs to have insight into the research problem. This helps the researcher come out with some inferences. Hypothesis Testing: The different hypotheses which have been formulated earlier are tested at this stage. This section will reveal certain underlying facts of the research problem which will help the researcher formulate strategies for the operations of any business system. It have a major subsections on results and discussions and this section deals with mathematical models and regression models .

34. Findings and Recommendations Findings are the result of the study . This section makes up the bulk of the report. It is not just an assortment of statistical tables and charts but an organized narrative of the results. The researcher can give recommendations according to the findings made.

35. Conclusion Conclusion should be drawn with direct reference to the objectives of the study. The chapter on conclusions summarizes research findings, contribution of the study, limitations of the study, and scope for the further research.

36. Bibliography The Bibliography contains the detailed information on books, journals, and materials, showing the title of the books, reports used in the preparation of the reports, names of authors, publishers, the year of publications and if possible the page numbers.

37. Annexure This is the last section of the report. An annexure gives supplementary information which supports the body of the report but which cannot be given within it.

38. Successful Report Writing Start writing early – important details about the study may be forgotten if the write-up is left to the last minute. Remember – a naive reader should be able to follow your report and replicate your findings. Read – reading journal articles and past dissertations will help you with structuring your report and understanding the required style. Reflect – reflect upon the comments you receive on your practical reports and essays – these are provided to help you!

39. Report Writing: General Style Reports should be double-spaced. Each major section (Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results and Discussion) should start on a new page with the title of the section in bold. All pages should be numbered. The last section is the Appendices and includes raw data, Ethics Approval Form and other relevant information.

40. 40 Most research reports include the following elements: I. Title page II. Letter of transmittal III. Table of contents IV. List of tables V. List of graphs VI. List of appendices VII. List of exhibits VIII. Executive summary a. Major findings b. Conclusions c. Recommendations IX. Introduction a. Background to the problem b. Statement of the problem X. Approach to the problem XI. Research design a. Type of research design b. Information needs c. Data collection from secondary sources d. Data collection from primary sources e. Scaling techniques f. Questionnaire development and pretesting g. Sampling techniques h. Field work XII. Data analysis a. Methodology b. Plan of data analysis XIII. Results XIV. Limitations and caveats XV. Conclusions and recommendations XVI. Appendix a. Questionnaires and forms b. Statistical output c. Lists

41. Dr.G Praveen Kumar - Research Methodology 41