Universal precaution

Universal Precaution - An Introduction

1. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION Dr. Ruchi Kushwaha PG-HA Student SGPGIMS, Lucknow

2. DEFINITION Universal precautions are control guidelines designed to protect health workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and other body fluids. It is an approach to infection control to treat all human blood and certain human body fluids as if they were known to be infectious for HIV, HBV and other blood borne pathogens. (Blood borne Pathogens Standard  29CFR1910.1030(b)  definitions). The concept of Universal Health Precautions emphasizes that all our patients should be treated as though they have potential blood born infections, and can infect the caring health care workers. ( CDC )

3. HISTORY OF INFECTION CONTROL PRECAUTIONS Sl. No. Year Infection Control Precautions 1. 1877, 1910 Separates facilities, Antisepsis and disinfections ... etc 2. 1985 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS (guidelines for protecting healthcare worker because the emergence of HIV & other blood borne pathogens ) 3. 1987 BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION ( focused on protecting patients and health personnel from all moist body fluids not just blood: semen, vaginal secretions, wound drainage, sputum, saliva etc 4. 1996 STANDARD PRECAUTIONS : Two level approach: •Standard Precautions which apply to all clients and patients attending healthcare facilities • Transmission-based Precautions which apply only to hospitalized Patients 5. 2007 ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS (new pathogens; SARS, Avian Influenzae H5N1, H1N1)

4. We Do Not Know who is Infected ??? Human materials/Tissues considered Highly Infectious- Blood Semen Vaginal secretions C S F Synovial fluids Amniotic fluid All other body fluids

5. Continue… Not Infectious unless contaminated with Blood or Body fluids- Faeces Nasal secretions Sputum Sweat Tears Urine / Vomitus Saliva unless blood stained

6. LACK OF UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION : POTENTIAL HAZARD Employee exposure to bloodborne pathogens  from blood and  Other Potentially Infectious Materials  (OPIM) because employees are not using Universal Precautions. Bloodborne pathogens are pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Some infections that can be transmitted through contact with blood and body fluids include: HIV ,  Hepatitis A ,  B ,  C , Staph and Strep infections, Gastroenteritis-salmonella, and shigella, Pneumonia, Syphilis, TB, Malaria, Measles, Chicken Pox, Herpes, Urinary tract infections, and Blood infections. The greatest risks are from HIV and Hepatitis B and C.

7. Continue… Bloodborne Pathogen Standard  29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(1)  requires: Employees to observe Universal Precautions to prevent contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM).   Under circumstances in which differentiation between body fluid types is difficult or impossible, all body fluids shall be considered potentially infectious materials.   Treat all blood and other potentially infectious materials with appropriate precautions such as: i .) Use gloves, masks, and gowns if blood or OPIM exposure is anticipated. ii) Use engineering and work practice controls to limit exposure.

8. Continue… OPIM  is defined in  29 CFR 1910.1030(b)  as: The following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids;   Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead); and   HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions; and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV

9. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS The Bloodborne Pathogens Standard allows for hospitals to use acceptable alternatives [ OSHA Directive  CPL 02-02-069, (2001, November 27)] to universal precautions: Alternative concepts in infection control are called Body Substance Isolation (BSI) and Standard Precautions . These methods define  all  body fluids and substances as infectious. These methods incorporate not only the fluids and materials covered by the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard but expands coverage to include all body fluids and substances. These concepts are acceptable alternatives to universal precautions, provided that facilities utilizing them adhere to all other provisions of the standard . For compliance with OSHA Standards, the use of either Universal Precautions or Standard Precautions are acceptable.

10. Continue… Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection in hospitals. They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.

11. HEALTH-CARE FACILITY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STANDARD PRECAUTIONS The CDC recommends  Standard Precautions  for the care of all patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status. Standard Precautions  apply to- 1 ) B lood 2 ) All body fluids, secretions, and excretions , except sweat , regardless of whether or not they contain visible blood 3 ) Non-intact skin; and 4 ) Mucous membranes

12. KEY ELEMENTS OF STANDARD PRECAUTION Hand Hygiene Gloves Facial Protection Gown Prevention of needle stick and injuries from other sharp instruments Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette Environmental cleaning Linen Waste Disposal Patient care equipment

13. HAND HYGIENE Techniques: Hand washing (40–60 sec): Wet Hands And Apply Soap Rub All Surfaces Rinse Hands And Dry Thoroughly With A Single Use Towel Use Towel To Turn Off Faucet. Hand Rubbing (20–30 Sec): Apply Enough Product To Cover All Areas Of The Hands Rub Hands Until Dry

14. Continue… Indications: Before and after any direct patient contact and between patients, whether or not gloves are worn. Immediately after gloves are removed. Before handling an invasive device. After touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, and contaminated items, even if gloves are worn. During patient care, when moving from a contaminated to a clean body site of the patient. After contact with inanimate objects in the immediate vicinity of the patient.

15. GLOVES Wear when touching blood, body fluids, secretions , excretions , mucous membranes, non intact skin Change between tasks and procedures on the same patient after contact with potentially infectious material Remove after use, before touching non-contaminated items and surfaces, and before going to another patient Perform hand hygiene immediately after removal.

16. FACIAL PROTECTION (EYES, NOSE, AND MOUTH) Wear (1) a surgical or procedure mask and eye protection (goggles ) or (2) a face shield to protect mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth during activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood , body fluids, secretions, and excretions.

17. GOWN Wear to protect skin and prevent soiling of clothing during activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions. Remove soiled gown as soon as possible, and perform hand hygiene.

18. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) ASSESS THE RISK of exposure to body substances or contaminated surfaces BEFORE any health-care activity. Make this a routine! Select PPE based on the assessment of risk: Clean non-sterile gloves Clean , non-sterile fluid-resistant gown Mask and eye protection or a face shield

19. PREVENTION OF NEEDLE STICK AND INJURIES FROM OTHER SHARP INSTRUMENTS Use care when : Handling needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments or devices Cleaning used instruments Disposing of used needles and other sharp instruments

20. RESPIRATORY HYGIENE AND COUGH ETIQUETTE Persons with respiratory symptoms should apply source control measures: Cover their nose and mouth when coughing/sneezing with tissue or mask, dispose of used tissues and masks, and perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions. Health-care facilities should: Place acute febrile respiratory symptomatic patients at least 1 metre (3 feet) away from others in common waiting areas, if possible. Post visual alerts at the entrance to health-care facilities instructing persons with respiratory symptoms to practise respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette. Consider making hand hygiene resources, tissues and masks available in common areas and areas used for the evaluation of patients with respiratory illnesses.

21. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING Use adequate procedures for the routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental and other frequently touched surfaces.

22. LINENS Handle , transport, and process used linen in a manner which: Prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures and contamination of clothing. Avoids transfer of pathogens to other patients and or the environment.

23. WASTE DISPOSAL Ensure safe waste management . Treat waste contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions as clinical waste, in accordance with local regulations. Human tissues and laboratory waste that is directly associated with specimen processing should also be treated as clinical waste . Discard single use items properly.

24. PATIENT CARE EQUIPMENT Handle equipment soiled with blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions in a manner that prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures, contamination of clothing, and transfer of pathogens to other patients or the environment Clean , disinfect, and reprocess reusable equipment appropriately before use with another patient

25. IMPORTANT ADVICE Promotion of a safety climate is a cornerstone of prevention of transmission of pathogens in health care. Standard precautions should be the minimum level of precautions used when providing care for all patients. Risk assessment is critical. Assess all health-care activities to determine the personal protection that is indicated. Implement source control measures for all persons with respiratory symptoms through promotion of respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette.

26. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS   Transmission-Based Precautions  (i.e., Airborne Precautions, Droplet Precautions, and Contact Precautions), are recommended to provide additional precautions beyond Standard Precautions to interrupt transmission of pathogens in hospitals Transmission-based precautions can be used for patients with known or suspected to be infected or colonized with epidemiologically important pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne or droplet transmission or by contact with dry skin or contaminated surfaces. These precautions should be used in addition to standard precautions Airborne Precautions  used for infections spread in small particles in the air such as chicken pox.

27. Continue… Droplet Precautions  used for infections spread in large droplets by coughing, talking, or sneezing such as influenza. Contact Precautions  used for infections spread by skin to skin contact or contact with other surfaces such as herpes simplex virus . Airborne Precautions, Droplet Precautions, and Contact Precautions. May be combined for diseases that have multiple routes of transmission When used either singularly or in combination, they are to be used in addition to Standard Precautions.

28. Refrences www.OSHA.gov https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000039.htm http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/EPR_AM2_E7.pdf

29. Thank You !