Unorganized drugs part_2

Cantharides (Spanish flies)

Origin:
Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vescicatoria, Meloidae.

Active Constituents:
Cantharidin

Uses:
It is a very irritant poison (10 mg is fatal).
It was formerly used for treatment of skin diseases mainly in veterinary medicine.
Rubefacient.
As tincture in treatment of alopecia areata.
Internally, in too small doses as aphrodisiac (illegal).

1. Pharmacognosy Unorganized drugs (part 2) Dr. Mostafa Mahmoud Hegazy PH.D

2. content Dried latices Dried juices Dried extracts Gums Drugs of animal origin (secretions, extracts and insects) animal secretions extracts of animal organs insects

3. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Latex Definition: an emulsion or suspension in which the aqueous phase contains dissolved mineral salts, proteins, sugars, tannins and alkaloidal salts. e.g., natural rubber and opium. It is usually white or yellowish or may be red in color . Latex is usually present in laticiferous structures e.g., cells, vessels or tubes .

4. OPIUM الافيون او ابو النوم Raw opium is the dried latex obtained by incising the unripe but fully-grown capsules of Papaver somniferum L. (Fam. Papaveraceae ). As the poppy fruit ripens the morphine content decreases. Latex is located in laticiferous tubes in the unripe capsule

5. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Constituents Opium contains more than 19 alkaloids. The presence of meconic acid even in a small quantity indicates the presence of opium or a preparation of poppy capsule e.g. opium addiction. There are two main classes of alkaloids present in opium : 1- Isoquinoline alkaloids : papaverine, narceine and narcotine . 2- Phenanthrene alkaloids : morphine, codeine and thebaine.

6. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Actions: Pain killer , cough suppressant, s edative, hypnotic (CNS depressant) and causes constipation Uses: source of Morphine (pain killer) and codeine (strong analgesic) for pharmaceutical industry for intolerable pain e.g. post-operative analgesia , intense pain of cancer patients as well as in angina pectoris. The Problem of Addiction : Repeated administration of opium or morphine for euphoria may Lead to addiction. Trembling, neuralgic pains, insomnia, loss of appetite, spasms, hallucination, and tendency to self-destruction.

7. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Chemical Tests : The presence of morphine alone in a vegetable extract does prove the extract to contain opium. It must also give the tests for meconic acid. Meconic acid test (Test for raw opium): With acidified Ferric chloride. It gives blood-red color or purplish red colour not destroyed by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid or 5% mercuric chloride solution.

8. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy DRIED JUICES Juices are fluidly plant saps containing dissolved substances and usually present in special cells. ALOES Definition: Aloes is the solid residue obtained by evaporation of the liquid which drains from transversely cut leaves of several species of Aloes (Fam. Liliaceae). These pericyclic cells and sometimes the adjacent parenchyma contain the yellow aloetic juice which flows out when the leaves are cut. The central region of the leaf are filled with mucilage known as Aloe-gel .

9. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy ALOES There are more than 300 species of Aloe plants distributed all over the world. The Cape variety ( South Africa and Kenya) The Curacao variety ( West Indian Islands of Curacao) The Socotrine (island of Socotra in Yemen) and Zanzibar (island in Tanzania ) varieties. Constituents Aloetic Juice: anthraquinone C- glycoside named Aloin (barbaloin) which is the major cathartic constituent. Aloe- gel: mucilage, Vitamins C, E and Zn metal.

10. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Uses and Actions: Aloetic Juice as purgative but Aloe gel has no laxative effect but is mostly applicable in cosmetic and topical products, in minor burns and skin inflammation . Chemical Tests: 1- Modified Borntrager's test for anthraquinone: positive 2- Cupraloin Test (or Klunge’s Isobarbaloin Test): To 10 ml of a 0.4% (w/v) aqueous solution of aloe add a drop of the saturated solution of copper sulphate , immediately followed by 1 g of NaCl and 20 drops of ethanol (90% v/v). It produces different shades of colours depending on the variety of aloes used: Curacao aloes : positive (A wine red colour lasting for few hours) due to high amount of isobarbaloin formed during evaporation of the juice in a copper vessel . Cape aloes : (A faint colouration changing to yellow quickly) lesser amount of isobarbaloin is reported due to evaporation in tin drums . Zanzibar and socotrine aloes : give no colour .

11. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Extracts drugs prepared by evaporating aqueous decoction of part of certain plants or animals. Gelatin obtained by treating certain animal tissues (skin and bones) with hot water. Constituents : Gelatin consists mainly of the protein collagen hydrolysate. Chemical Test: To a prepared solution of gelatin, add picric acid solution a canary yellow precipitate is formed.

12. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Uses: Gelatin is used in capsules , emulsions , and suppositories manufacture. Gelatin is a nutrient , used for the preparation of commercial food products and for bacteriologic culture media . Stimulating collagen production in skin (strengthening skin, plus may benefit elasticity and hydration ) Decreases joint pain in osteoarthritis by stimulating collagen production and increasing bone density.

13. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Agar-Agar: is the bleached and dried product obtained by concentrating a decoction made from various species of algae. Test for identification: Boil 1 gm of Agar for 10 minutes with 100 ml of water, replacing the water lost by evaporation, the solution yields a stiff jelly on cooling. Uses: As a bulk laxative, particularly in chronic constipation; in the manufacture of emulsions, suspensions, gels, and hydrophilic suppositories. A major use of agar is in culture media for microorganisms.

14. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Gums Gums are amorphous, translucent solids, insoluble alcohol and most organic solvents; but soluble in water to yield viscous, adhesive solutions, or are swollen by the absorption of water into a jelly-like mass. Acacia Gum, Gum Arabic (E414) الصمغ العربي Dried Gummy exudation from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal or of some other species of Acacia, Family Leguminosae. Constituents: Arabic acid ( glycosidal acid, mainly ), combined with potassium, magnesium and calcium. By hydrolysis Arabic acid yields 1 molecule of L-rhamnose, 2 molecules of D-galactose and 3 molecules of L-arabinose and an aldobionic acid. It also contains diastase and an oxidase enzyme  

15. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy   Test for identification: Dissolve about 0.25 gm of the coarsely powdered drug freshly fractured in 5 ml of distilled water by shaking in the cold. Add 0.5 ml of hydrogen peroxide and 0.5 ml of benzidine solution, shake and allow to stand for few minutes; a deep blue color or greenish blue color is formed due to the Prescence of oxidase enzyme   Uses: As a demulcent and slimming. Improve kidneys functions in renal failure. As a suspending and emulsifying agent for oils. As a Prebiotics for healthy digestive system

16. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Gum tragacanth (E413) صمغ الكثيرة   Tragacanth gum is the dried gummy exudation from stem of Astragalus gummifer , Family Leguminosae. Constituents Tragacanthin : water soluble portion Basorin : water insoluble portion traces of starch, cellulose and nitrogenous substances. No oxidase enzyme is present.  

17. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Test for identification: Place a little powdered gum tragacanth on a porcelain tile, add few drops of N/50 iodine solution and rub to form a smooth paste. It acquires an olive-green color. Uses: As a suspending agent for insoluble powders or As a binding agent in pills and tablets. As denture adhesives As a Prebiotics for healthy digestive system For treatment of diarrhea and constipation

18. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Drugs of animal origin Musk (vampire musk deer) Origin: dried secretion obtained from the perpetual follicles of the male musk deer ( Moschus moschiferus ) found in China and Himalayas. The deer is killed and the musk- containing sacs (pods) are taken (each about 30 g, 50% of which is musk). It is one of the most expensive animal products in the world.

19. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Active Constituents: Dark brown volatile oil (1.4%), the main constituent of which is muskone (a cyclic ketone having a closed chain of 15 carbon atoms). Steroidal hormones. Muskopyridine Alkaloids and peptides. Uses: It is used as an important ingredient as a fixative in high class perfumes.

20. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Ambergris العنبر Origin: Ambergris is a pathological product found in the intestine of the sperm whales or cast by them into the sea. It is among the very expensive constituents used as a fixative in perfumery. It occurs as grey or brown masses and may be associated with the beaks of Active Constituents: Volatile oil; amberin (25%). Uses: It has a fragrant musk-like odor. Its value lies in the fact that it has a subtle effect on fine perfumes and gives them a great persistence of odor.

21. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Purified Honey Origin: Purified honey is the saccharine substance deposited by the hive bee, Apis mellifera in the cells of the honeycomb. Active Constituents: It consists mainly of invert sugar ( Fructose and glucose about 35% each) and water ( 17.2%) in addition to small quantities of sucrose ( 1.3%) , dextrin, formic acid, volatile oil, wax and pollen grains. The long shelf life of honey is attributed to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Uses: Mainly used in cough mixtures and Wounds and burns e.g. manuka honey. Honey must not be used for one year or less infants.

22. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Beeswax E901   Origin: Beeswax is obtained by melting and purifying the honeycomb of Apis mellifera and other bees. Active Constituents: It consists mainly of myricyl palmitate and a little amount of myricyl stearate. Types of beeswax: Yellow beeswax: It is prepared after removal of honey by melting the comb under water, straining and allowing the wax to solidify. White beeswax: It is prepared from yellow beeswax by bleaching with chlorine, chromic acid or other oxidizing agents.  

23. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Beeswax (E901) Uses: used for the preparation of plasters , ointments , polishes and as a tablet-coating material . used for the preparation of phyto -cosmetics (lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, salves, moisturizers as lotion bar for dry skin, eye shadow, blush, and eye liner) N.B. Carnauba wax is of plant origin extracted from the leaves of Copernicia cerifera ( Palmae ).

24. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Royal Jelly (Queen Bee Jelly)   Origin: consists of the milky fluid produced by the salivary glands of the worker bees and used as essential nourishment for the development of the queen bee larvae. The fresh product is unstable and requires refrigeration or freeze-drying or stabilized by honey in gelatin capsules. Active Constituents: Mixture of amino acids, Lipids and fatty acids, Carbohydrates, Vitamins (vitamin B complex and vitamin C) and minerals. Uses: Royal jelly is an expensive dietary supplement used for reducing the bad effects of aging, treatment of encephalomyelitis, depression, and other conditions.  

25. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy   Cod-Liver Oil   Origin: Cod liver oil is a nutritional supplement derived from liver of cod fish ( Gadus calleria ).   Active Constituents: It has high levels of the omega-3 fatty acids and very high levels of vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E.   Uses: It is widely taken to ease the symptoms of arthritis as well as other health benefits. It is also used for treatment and prevention of rickets in children.      

26. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Wool fat ( Anhydrous Lanolin)   Origin: It is the purified fat substance extracted from the wool of the fleece of the Sheep of Ovis aries (Bovidae) . wool grease is a yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals Active Constituents: Unsaturated monohydric alcohols free or combined with lanopalmetic and other fatty acids together with aliphatic alcohols ( cetyl , ceryl and carnaubyl alcohols) Cholesterol . Hydrous Lanoline contains 25% water.   Uses: Wool fat is used as an emollient base for creams and ointments.  

27. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Cochineal الدودة القرمزية   Origin: Cochineal is the dried full grown female insect of Dactylopius coccus , Cocidae , containing eggs and larvae.   Active Constituents: Coloring matter; cochineal and carminic acid ( E120) (10%). Carminic acid is brilliant purple, water soluble, C-glycoside anthraquinone derivative.   Uses: Cochineal and Carmin ( aluminium and calcium salts of carminic acid) are used as coloring agents for liquids and solids, tooth paste and as indicators.  

28. Pharmacognosy Dr. Mostafa Hegazy Cantharides (Spanish flies)   Origin: Cantharides is the dried beetles of Cantharis vesicatoria , Meloidae .   Active Constituents: Cantharidin   Uses: Externally: Rubefacient and used as tincture in treatment of alopecia areata. Internally: in too small doses as female aphrodisiac (illegal) because of a very irritant poison in dose of10 mg .

29. Herbal medicine Dr. Mostafa Hegazy