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effect of vitamin

1. Title of the Paper: Effect of Vitamin A Supplements with Iron Therapy among Adolescent Girls

2. Purpose of the paper : Investigates effects of vitamin A supplementation with iron therapy on anaemic adolescent girls in India. Examines interrelation between vitamin A and iron metabolism, emphasizing improvements in haemoglobin levels. Categorizes subjects into intervention groups, comparing outcomes with a placebo group. Highlights prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency in Indian adolescent girls.

3. Knowledge Gap: Limited Understanding of Vitamin A's Role: Explore molecular and physiological pathways for the interaction between vitamin A and iron in treating anaemia. Scope for Larger Population Studies: Larger population research needed to establish the definitive role of vitamin A supplementation in anaemia treatment, with insights into specific beneficiary demographics. Incomplete Understanding of Combined Supplementation Effects: Study shows positive results but lacks extensive discussion on side effects. Future research should focus on comprehensive understanding and potential drawbacks.

4. Knowledge Gap-continued Lack of Exploration into Optimal Dosages: Rationale behind selected dosage (2,00,000 IU) and variations for different age groups or severity levels need exploration. Need for Comparative Studies: Comparative studies with other micronutrients or therapeutic approaches essential to determine the most effective interventions for anaemia in adolescent girls. .

5. Introduction : Overview of Global Anaemia Scenario Global Prevalence: Anaemia is the most prevalent form of malnutrition worldwide. Eighth leading cause of disease in girls and pregnant women in developing countries. Statistics: WHO reports a prevalence ranging from 40-60% in developing countries. Approximately half of these cases are attributed to iron deficiency anaemia. Risk Factors: Iron deficiency anaemia linked to factors like low intake, malabsorption, and periods of high iron requirements (growth and pregnancy). Impact on Adolescent Girls: Anaemia hinders physiological growth in adolescent girls.

6. Introduction: Micronutrients Beyond Iron: Vitamin A plays a crucial role in preventing and treating anaemia. Iron and vitamin A deficiencies pose significant public health challenges in adolescent girls. Interrelation with Iron Metabolism: Studies since 1922 demonstrate interrelation between vitamin A and iron metabolism. Correlations between vitamin A status and haemoglobin levels are established. Effects of Vitamin A Deficiency: Prolonged deficiency negatively impacts haematopoiesis and bone marrow. Recent studies show links to ineffective erythropoiesis and modulation of systemic iron homeostasis. Indian Context: Despite efforts, India faces high prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency, especially among adolescent girls. Study aims to investigate the impact of vitamin A supplementation on iron therapy in this demographic.

7. Methodology Study Type: Prospective intervention conducted in an urban school in Agra, India. Duration: One-year study conducted within an academic year. Population: School-going adolescent girls aged 13-16 years. Prevalence Rate: Calculated based on the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) data. Sample Size Calculation: Initial sample size of 86, rounded up to 100 participants. Inclusion Criteria: Willingness to participate after informed consent. Exclusion criteria for specific clinical features.

8. Methodology Blood Sample Collection and Haemoglobin Measurement: Clinical History: Collected relevant clinical history for each participant. Blood Samples: Obtained blood samples for haemoglobin level determination. Haemoglobin Measurement: Cyan-meth-haemoglobin method with Drabkin’s solution. Cut-Off for Anaemia: Haemoglobin concentration cutoff for anaemia: 12 gm/dL.

9. Methodology Intervention Groups and Placebo: Group A (n=32): Vitamin A supplementation (2,00,000 IU) + Iron therapy (FeSO4) for 100 days. Group B (n=32): Iron supplementation (FeSO4) twice a week for 100 days. Group C (n=34): Placebo in the form of white-colored candies. Direct Observation: Both iron and vitamin A supplementation directly observed. Data Analysis: Statistical Software: SPSS version 20 used for data analysis. Statistical Tests: Shapiro–Wilk test, Chi-Square test, McNemar-Bowker test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Significance Level: Set at a p-value of 0.05.

10. Methodology: Outcome Measurement: Haemoglobin Level Assessment: Measured before and after the 100-day intervention period. Anaemia Diagnosis: Categorized based on WHO criteria for haemoglobin concentration. Limitations and Future Recommendations: Acknowledgment of Limitations: Recognized the relatively small sample size as a limitation. Importance of Future Studies: Emphasized the need for future studies to confirm the therapeutic role of vitamin A supplementation in anaemia treatment.

11. Key Result:

12. Key Results: Distribution of Anaemia Severity: Before the study: Moderate Anaemia (43%), Mild Anaemia (21%). After the study: Moderate Anaemia (16.33%), Mild Anaemia (21.43%). Comparative Efficacy: Group A (Vitamin A + Iron) showed a higher percentage change in haemoglobin over baseline compared to Group B (Only Iron) and Group C (Placebo). Statistical Significance: All changes in haemoglobin levels were statistically significant (p<0.0001 for Group A and B, p=0.008 for Group C). Anaemia Resolution: Out of 66 initially anaemic girls, 61 were diagnosed as non-anaemic after the intervention. Future Research Implications: Highlighted the need for larger population studies to establish vitamin A supplementation as a standard therapeutic agent for anaemia.

13. Prevalence and Implications Our study highlights high anaemia and vitamin A deficiency rates among Indian adolescent girls. Further research with larger populations is crucial. Combined vitamin A and iron supplementation may be key to improving haemoglobin levels.

14. Acknowledging Limitations Despite limitations, including a small sample size, our findings emphasize the need for future studies to confirm vitamin A's therapeutic role in anaemia treatment.

15. Call for Ongoing Research In conclusion, our study offers hope through vitamin A supplementation with iron therapy. Ongoing research is vital to solidify this approach as a standard for anaemia treatment.

16. Gratitude and Q&A Thank you for your attention. Any questions about our study are welcome. Together, let's impact the health of adolescent girls worldwide.

17. Thank you for your time 😊

18. Introduction Anaemia, a prevalent form of malnutrition globally, is particularly widespread among adolescent girls in developing countries. Today, we explore the potential interrelation between vitamin A and iron metabolism and the impact of vitamin A deficiency on haematopoiesis and erythropoiesis.

19. Study Overview Our study was conducted in an urban school in Agra, India, over one year, involving school-going adolescent girls aged 13-16 years. With an average anaemia prevalence rate of 53.9%, we aimed to understand the potential benefits of combining vitamin A supplementation with iron therapy.

20. Methodology Overview Before diving into the results, let's take a closer look at the methodology. We meticulously selected 100 participants from classes 8th, 9th, and 10th, ensuring they met specific criteria. Written consent was obtained from parents, and deworming was conducted for all participants. Exclusion criteria were in place to ensure the reliability of the study.

21. The anaemic participants were divided into two intervention groups: Group A received vitamin A supplementation and iron therapy, while Group B received only iron supplementation for 100 days. A placebo was administered to non-anaemic girls. Intervention Groups Both iron and vitamin A supplementation were directly observed to ensure accuracy.

22. Key Findings Both intervention groups showed a significant improvement in blood haemoglobin levels. However, the group receiving vitamin A and iron therapy exhibited a greater percentage change over baseline compared to the group receiving only iron supplementation. This suggests that vitamin A supplementation plays a crucial role in restoring blood haemoglobin levels, addressing anaemia effectively.