Urban and rural areas

Rural-Urban Migration

1. INTERNAL MIGRATION RURAL-URBAN MIGRATON

2. An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a high density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. "Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as well as the surrounding areas.

3. Rural areas are the opposite of urban areas. Rural areas, often called "the country," have low population density and large amounts of undeveloped land.

4. HOW DO YOU DETERMINE RURAL AND URBAN PLACES? CRITERIA: Population density (Rural areas have small population; Urban areas have larger population) 2. Density of building structures (Rural areas usually have small buildings that are far apart; urban areas have large, high-rise buildings that are close together) 3. Land use (Rural areas use land mostly for farming; Urban areas use land space mostly for commercial and manufacturing/factories activities).

5. Facilities and amenities (example, transport, telephone & internet services, recreation & entertainment; colleges; urban areas have more and better facilities and amenities) Job types/ economic activities ( Most inhabitants of rural areas have farming jobs; most people in urban areas have non- agricultural jobs .)

6. B: RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION Throughout the world, the dominant pattern of migration within countries has been from rural to urban areas. This is partly because improved technology has decreased the need for agricultural workers and partly because cities are seen as offering greater economic opportunities. Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas (the countryside) to urban areas (cities). It is also called URBANIZATION.

7. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE FROM RURAL AREAS TO URBAN AREAS?

8. WHAT ARE PUSH AND PULL FACTORS?

9. PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Push Factors are negative things in a place that make people want to leave that place/area. Pull factors are positive things in a place that attract people and make them want to live in that area. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS IN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

10. PUSH FACTORS CONDITIONS IN RURAL AREAS: Scarcity of jobs, except in farming, and most people consider farming to be low-paying and hard work.

11. Lack of infrastructure. There are bad roads, irregular water and electricity supply, limited or no telephone/internet /cable service .

12. Poor facilities in education and health care . Lack of entertainment and recreational facilities, example cinemas and night clubs .

13. PULL FACTORS ATTRACTIONS OF THE URBAN AREAS: A large number of people are attracted to urban areas because of the following factors: Availability of facilities such as health care (hospitals, more doctors offices), education (better equipped primary schools, more high schools, colleges/universities ). Availability of ‘white collar’ jobs (office jobs, jobs in government agencies and private companies) as well as jobs in factories.

14. Proper infrastructure, example better roads, efficient piped water and electricity supply and telephone and internet & cable services, better transport service.

15. Wide variety of entertainment and recreational or ‘night life’ facilities, which is more attractive to younger people, example cinemas and clubs, sports parks.

16. FOR DISCUSSION: WOULD YOU WANT TO LIVE IN KINGSTON?

17. EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION WHAT ARE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS THAT RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION CAUSE? (1): IN RURAL AREAS Rural depopulation: - people of working age migrate from the countryside to earn more money in the city. They leave behind the old and very young. Families also become separated where one parent has to live and work in the city.

18. A positive impact is that money can be sent back to the relatives in the rural areas to help improve living conditions, send children to school, buy more livestock and help with living expenses.

19. ( 2 ): IN URBAN AREAS Overcrowding in the cities Shortage of housing facilities which causes the development of slums or shanty towns:- Where housing is often shacks made from various materials collected. Most have no basic amenities such as light, running water, no sewage system or garbage collection.

20. Pollution due to the high concentration of population (high population density ). Poverty due to few employment opportunities. Rise in crime, (drugs, gangs and violence)

21. Traffic problems/congestion

22. Positive impacts include that the city will have more people willing to work for low wages; to work as domestic servants, construction workers and in restaurants. This helps to build the economy in the city.

23. HOMEWORK Conduct an interview of a member of their family or friend of the family who had migrated from a rural area to a town (even urban centers outside of Kingston and Montego Bay). Find out the following information: the reason they migrated (tell whether the reason was push or pull factor); what their life was like before leaving their home , and whether and how did their life change after living in the town/urban area even years after.

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