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1. Bioelectricity Generation Form Fruit Peels (Banana, Orange, Papaya and Mixture of Fruit Peel), Waste Biomass by Using Microbial Fuel Cell DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA (An Institute under MoE, Govt of India) ASHOK RAJPATH, PATNA -800005 Presented by: AMIT KUMAR VARMA ROLL NO - 2231018 Guided by: Dr. REENA SINGH

2. Content Introduction Fuel cells Microbial fuel cells Type of MFC Application of MFC Advantage of MFC Limitation of MFC Literature Review Objectives Materials and Methods Results and Discussions Conclusion References

3. Introduction Use of the fossil fuels can trigger global energy crisis increase global warming hence there is considerable interest in research fraternity on green production. Electricity has a key role in the human being. Increasing numbers of people and business activity have increased electricity demand. Bioelectricity production utilizing Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) is an alternative, pollution-free, and efficient process that generates green and renewable energy. Microbial fuel cells absorb energy from organic materials like agricultural wastes such as fruit peels, oil palm residues, sugar cane bagasse, and rice hulls during microbial metabolism in the form of bioelectricity. Microbial fuel cell technology represents a new form of renewable energy by generation electricity from what would otherwise be considered waste, such as industrial waste or wastewater etc.

4. Fuel cells? Device that converts chemical energy from fuel into electricity through chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent . Figure 1: Fuel Cell Source:- https://www.slideshare.net/ShabeebaVAnthru/microbial-fuel-cellsppt

5. Microbial fuel cells? Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a new bioelectrochemical process that aims to produce electricity by using the electrons derived from biochemical reactions catalyzed by bacteria. The energy generated by MFCs is expected to supply enough energy to partially cover the energy demand in urban. In MFCs, the electrons released by bacteria from the substrate oxidation in the anode compartment (the negative terminal) are transferred to the cathode compartment (the positive terminal) through a conductive material. In the cathode, the electrons are combined with oxygen and the protons diffused through a proton exchange membrane. MFCs require sustained electron release in the anode and electron consumption in the cathode. The attainable metabolic energy gain for bacteria is directly related to the difference between the anode potential and the substrate redox potential.

6. Types of MFCs Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell. Double Chambers Microbial Fuel Cell . Microbial electrolysis fuel cell. Photo Microbial Fuel Cell. Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell. Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell.

7. Application of MFC Waste water treatment Power generation Secondary fuel production Bio-sensors Desalination

8. Advantages of MFC Generation of energy out of biomass / organic matter Direct conversion of substrate energy into electricity Aeration Bioremediation of toxic compound

9. Limitations of MFC : Low power density High initial cost Activation losses Bacterial metabolic losses

10. LITERATURE REVIEW : S. No. Title of Paper Author’s Name Year Methodology Conclusion 1 Bioelectricity generation by microbial degradation of banana peel waste biomass in a dual-chamber Manisha and Vishal 2023 Substrate collection and preparation of banana peel and dried banana peel powder, banana slurry, Substrate characterization Anode biocatalyst, construction dual chambered H- shape the possibility of electricity generation, from the degradation of banana peel waste, using BSY-MFC and BS-MFC setup 2 Microbial fuel cells for bioelectricity production from waste as sustainable prospect of future energy sector . Anh Tuan Hoang et at. 2022 Structure of microbial fuel cell Anode cathode membrane microorganisms in microbial fuel cell . Several pathway for the current sustainable energy transition , MFC technology , sustainable source, replace conventional source of fossil fuels 3 Renewable banana-peel-derived activated carbon as an inexpensive and efficient electrode material showing fascinating supercapacitive performance   Alekhika Tripathy et al. 2021 Materials synthesis of ZnCl 3 and FeCl 3 activated porous carbon from banana peel material characterization preparation of electrode and electrochemical characterization The present work shows that banana peel is a favorable and prom- ising precursor for preparing AC for supercapacitor applications

11. Continue: S.NO. Title of paper Author's Name Years Methodology Conclusion 4 Studies on development of microbial fuel cell for waste water treatment using bakers yeast. C.H.A.I. Raju et al. 2021 Reagents and chemicals, preparation of reagents, Dilution water, Alkaline potassium iodide azide, Ferrain indicator Microbial Fuel Cell became decided on to enhance the waste water quality, bakers yeast hired for energy technology. 5 Electricity generation from banana peels in an alkaline fuel cell with a Cu 2 O-Cu modified activated carbon cathode. Peng Liu et al. 2018 Preparation of air-cathodes, Characterization and electrochemical analysis Banana peel pre-treatment and electricity production.       Cu 2 O-Cu composite catalysts are produced by using a facile laser- irradiation method, The AC air-cathodes modified, Banana peel hydrolysate is used as fuel to evaluate the AFC performance. 6 Performance evaluation of Microbial Fuel Cells fed by solid organic waste: parametric comparison between three generations.   R.A.Nasto. et al. 2017 three single chambered, membraneless MFCs, The second generation reactors were made by using glass bottle for Lab use, Tubular MFC bioreactors, Data Acquisition System Organic Fraction, vegetable and fruit residues. explored the power performances of three generations of Microbial Fuel Cells realized in the Laboratory of Energy Systems.

12. S. NO. Title of paper Author's Name Years Methodology Conclusion 7 Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. Brahmaiah pendyala et al. 2016 synthetic food waste, the feedstock, slurry , the steam explosion, Single-chamber MFCs, voltage, resistor,anode and cathode ,power density. MFCs fed with steam exploded liquor derived from a synthetic municipal organic solid waste produced maximum power densities. 8 Electricity generation from organic fraction of municipal solid wastes in tubular microbial fuel cell.   Arda karluval et al. 2015 MFC construction Substrate MFC operation Electrochemical analysis     Bioelectricity generation with a tubular microbial fuel cell uti- lizing organic fraction of municipal solid waste was effectively illustrated. Continue:

13. Research Objectives: The primary objective of this research is electricity generation by using microbial fuel cell from different fruit peels such as orange, banana, papaya peels and mixture of fruit peels. The second objective is to compare the electricity generation of different fruit peels and suggest the best fruit peel waste for electricity generation.

14. Material and methods : Flowchart of Project plan follow

15. Start by collecting the fruit peels form of juice shop near at NIT PATNA CAMPUS and processing them into extract form. Prepared before being used in MFCs. This involves weighting, washing them thoroughly to remove any dirt or contaminants, drying in the hot air oven at the temperature 60 Celsius for 24 hours, and mixing grinding the fruit peels into a fine powder to increase the surface area available for microbial colonization. Substrate Preparation:

16. Figure (2): Orange peel Dried Figure(3): Papaya peel Dried Dried Figure (4): Banana peel Substrate Preparation: Figure (5): Mixture of fruit peels

17. Continue: Figure (6): Hot air oven Figure (7): Grinder machine Figure (8): Weighting machine

18. 88.0 g of different fruit peel powder was added into 4.4 L of distilled water to prepare 20 g L -1 dried different fruit peel slurry which was used. An anodic substrate for MFCs. The different fruit slurry was prepared by mixing 100 mL of different fruit peel slurry in 4.3 L of distilled water. Place the different fruit peel sludge in the anodic chamber while tap water is in the cathode chamber of the microbial fuel cell. Take tap water 4.4 L in the cathode and then process for electricity generation measurement . Preparation of slurry:

19. Microbial Inoculation: The fruit peel powder is inoculated with a mixed culture of microorganisms. These microorganisms will degrade the organic matter present in the fruit peels and generate electrons as a byproduct of their metabolic processes. Common microorganisms used in MFCs include various strains of bacteria, such as Shewanella and Geobacter

20. Material required: Two Plastic container (5 litters), Copper wire (500 mm length) Distilled water (Millie Q) Anode of aluminium sheet with activated charcoal cover Cathode of aluminium sheet with activated charcoal cover Gum solution Gelatine powder white Salt PVC pipe (229 mm) M-seal Activated charcoal Grinder machine One piece cello tape DT830D Digital Multimeter.

21. Preparation of experimental set-up: To make a two-chamber of microbial fuel cells S. cerevisiae-based H-shaped dual-chamber MFC setup , make a hole in the lids of the containers for the positive and negative wires to go through and create other holes on the lid of the cathodic chamber for air to pass through. Utilize two circular plastic containers and make a hole on one side of the containers; the hole should be large enough for the PVC pipe to fit in. These chambers will represent the anodic and cathodic chambers connected through a (229 mm) long PVC pipe acting as the proton exchange membrane or salt bridge. Salt bridge :- To make the salt bridge (proton exchange membrane), 50 grams of salt was dissolved in 250 mL water, and 75 grams of unsweetened gelatine powder was added to solidify. Then, heat the solution for fifteen minutes and put it in the small PVC pipe. The copper wire was connected inside the aluminium sheet with cover by activated charcoal with the wire coming from one end.

22. Figure (9): Gelatine powder Figure (10) : Boil the gelatine powder and salt mix in water Figure(11): Salt bridge making Continue:

23. Figures (13): Activated charcoal Figures (14): Aluminium sheet coated with Activated charcoal Figure (12): DT830D digital multimeter

24. Assembly of MFC: To make a two-chamber of microbial fuel cells S. cerevisiae-based H-shaped dual-chamber MFC setup. Make a hole in the lids of the containers for the positive and negative wires to go through. Create other holes on the lid of the cathode chamber for air to pass through (aerobic). Salt bridge was connect between two chamber.

25. Source : www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe Graphical illustration of H-shaped dual-chamber MFC setup : S. cerevisiae- based H-shaped dual-chamber MFC setup :   Figure (15): Complete working setup ANODE CATHODE agar salt bridge Fruit peel Anode Cathode Activated carbon modified aluminium sheet

26. Mechanism Anode : In the anodic chamber, microorganisms (often bacteria) oxidize organic matter (substrate) present in the substrate solution. During this process, electrons are released as a byproduct. Electron Transfer : The released electrons travel through an external circuit to reach the cathode. Cathode : At the cathodic chamber, oxygen or other electron acceptors are reduced. This reduction reaction consumes the electrons and often produces water as a byproduct. Complete Circuit : The flow of electrons through the external circuit creates an electric current, which can be harvested and used to power external devices.

27. Anode (Oxidation) : Organic matter (substrate) is oxidized by microorganisms, releasing electrons and protons, Anaerobic. The general equation for the anodic reaction is: Organic matter → Electrons + Protons + Byproducts For example, in the case of glucose oxidation, the reaction can be represented as: C 6 H 12 O 6 + Microorganisms → 6CO 2 + 24H + + 24e − Cathode (Reduction) : Oxygen or other electron acceptors are reduced at the cathode, consuming electrons and protons to form water or other byproducts, Aerobic. The general equation for the cathode reaction is: Electrons + Protons + Acceptor → Water + Byproducts In the case of oxygen reduction, the reaction can be represented as: O 2 + 4H + + 4e − → 2H 2 O The overall reaction of a microbial fuel cell can be represented as the combination of the anodic and cathodic reactions: Organic matter + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O Equation and Reaction:

28. Optimization: Various factors can influence the performance of MFCs using fruit peels and concentration of fruit peel used pH, moisture content of fruit peels and the composition of the microbial inoculum. Optimization experiments are conducted to determine the conditions that maximize electricity generation.

29. Electrochemical Measurements: Electrochemical measurements are carried out to track the MFC's performance after it has been put together. Measuring variables like voltage output, current density, and internal resistance falls under this category. A digital multimeter, model number DT830D, was used to record voltage and resistance. Ohm's law was used to determine current (I). I= Where, I is the current (Ampere) calculated by Equation, and V is the voltage (mV), R is applied external resistance (ohm).  

30. Table 1: Characteristic of fruit peels . Result and Discussion: Composition pH Moisture content (%) Banana 5.13 90.9 Orange 4.62 82.77 Papaya 4.10 87.98 Mixture of fruit peel 5.51 87.23 Table 1 lists fruit peel values for pH and moisture content, such as 5.13 and 90.9% for banana peels, 4.62 and 82.77% for orange peels, 4.10 and 87.98 for papaya peels, 5.51 and 87.23 for a variety of fruit peels. When the pH value is lower, more electricity is produced; conversely, when the pH value is higher, less electricity is produced.

31. Reading of orange peel: Figure(16): Relation between voltage with time for orange peel. Figure(17): Relation between current with time for orange peel.

32. Figure (16) and (17): - shows the voltage and current with time of orange peel substrate on the generation of voltage and current. Reaching minimum value of voltage 17 mV at the resistance 70 KΩ on first day and current V=IR, (0.164 mA) on 6 days, maximum value of voltage 125 mV at the resistance 760 kΩ on 6 day and current is 0.242 mA, on first days,. pH value of orange fruit peel substrate is 4.62. First to four days the voltage values are firstly increasing with time, more over four days to six days the voltage values are slowly increasing with time. First to four days the current values are decreasing with time, four to six days the current values are lastly slowly decreasing with time. Continue:

33. Reading of banana peel: Figure(18): Relation between voltage with time for banana peel. Figure(19): Relation between current with time for banana peel.

34. Figure (18) and (19): - shows the voltage and current with time of banana fruit peel substrate on the generation of voltage and current. Reaching minimum value of voltage (30 mV) at the resistance 16.3 KΩ and current V=IR, (0.18 mA) on day 3, maximum value of voltage 80 mV at the resistance 388 kΩ and current is 0.29 mA, on 5 days. pH value of banana fruit peel substrate is 5.13. First to third days the voltage values are firstly decreasing with time, more over third to fifth days the voltage values are increasing with time, fifth to six days the voltage value is lastly decreasing with time. First to second day the current value is firstly slowly decreasing with time, second to four days the current values are decreasing with time, four to six day the current values are lastly slowly decreasing with time. Continue:

35. Reading of papaya peel: Figure (20): Relation between voltage with time for papaya peel Figure (21): Relation between current with time for papaya peel

36. Figure (20) and (21): - shows the voltage and current with time of papaya fruit peel substrate on the generation of voltage and current. Reaching minimum value of voltage (85 mV) at the resistance 212 KΩ and current V=IR, (0.129 mA) on day 4, maximum value of voltage 141 mV at the resistance 1095 kΩ and current is 0.401 mA, on 12 days in the microbial fuel cell. pH value of papaya fruit peel substrate is 4.1. First to third days the voltage values are firstly decreasing with time, again decreasing third to four days, four to twelve day the voltage value is lastly linear increasing with time. First to third days the current values are firstly slowly decreasing with time, third to fourth day the current value is suddenly increasing with time, fourth to twelve days the current values are lastly linear decreasing with time. Continue:

37. Reading of mixture fruit peels: Figure (22): Relation between voltage with time for mixture of fruit peel. Figure (23): Relation between current with time for mixture of fruit peel.

38. Figure (22) and (23): - shows the voltage and current with time of mixture fruit peel substrate on the generation of voltage and current. Reaching minimum value of voltage (21 mV) at the resistance 65 KΩ on first day and current V=IR, (0.198 mA) on day 4, maximum value of voltage 111 mV at the resistance 272 kΩ and current is 0.408 mA, on 6 days. pH value of mixer of three fruit peel substrate is 5.51. First to third days the voltage values are firstly increasing with time, third to fourth days the voltage value is slightly increasing with time, fourth to fifth days the voltage values are increasing with time, fifth to sixth days the voltage values are lastly slightly increasing with time. First to second days the current values are firstly slightly increasing and again second to third days the current values are slightly increasing with time, third to fourth days the current values are suddenly decreasing and fourth to fifth days the current values are suddenly increasing with time, fifth to six days the current values are lastly slightly increasing with time. Continue:

39. Comparison of electricity generation with fruit peel MFC : S.no Fruit peel pH Moisture content (%) Voltage(mV) Current(mA) Reference Max. Min. Max. Min. 1 Orange 4.62 82.77 125 17 0.242 0.164 This work 6.45 77.20 29.5 - 2.12 - (Shahi, Rai and Singh, 2020) 2 Banana 5.13 90.90 80 30 0.290 0.180 This work 7.5 45 116 - 0.31 - (Verma and Mishra, 2023) 3 Papaya   4.10 87.98 141 85 0.401 0.129 This work 4.98 - 955 - 5.079 - (Rojas-Flores et al., 2022) 4 Mixture of fruit peel 5.51 87.23 111 21 0.408 0.198 This work

40. Conclusion : The electricity generation capacities of fruit peels: papaya, orange, banana and mixture of fruit peel, using a microbial fuel were proven to produce voltage and current. The highest generated voltage and current were papaya with 141 mV and 0.401 mA respectively . This study concludes that papaya is more capable and efficient in generating electricity compared to other fruit peel. The lowest of voltage is banana peel with 80 mV. On the other hand, the highest of voltage is papaya peel with 141 mV. This study concludes that banana peel has the lowest voltage and has the most stable voltage generated among the fruit peel wastes .

41. References Roselle Angela G. Torres, C. et al. (2023) ‘Electric Generation Capacities of Three Varieties of Banana Peel Using Microbial Fuel Cell’, World Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(2), pp. 39–43. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-11-2-1 . Roselle Angela G. Torres, C. et al. (2023) ‘Electric Generation Capacities of Three Varieties of Banana Peel Using Microbial Fuel Cell’, World Journal of Agricultural Research , 11(2), pp. 39–43. Available at: https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-11-2-1 . Verma, M. and Mishra, V. (2023) ‘Bioelectricity generation by microbial degradation of banana peel waste biomass in a dual-chamber S. cerevisiae-based microbial fuel cell’, Biomass and Bioenergy , 168. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106677 . Rojas-Flores, S. et al. (2022) ‘Electric Current Generation by Increasing Sucrose in Papaya Waste in Microbial Fuel Cells’, Molecules , 27(16). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165198 . Shahi, A., Rai, B.N. and Singh, R.S. (2020) ‘Biodegradation of Reactive Orange 16 Dye in Microbial Fuel Cell: An Innovative Way to Minimize Waste Along with Electricity Production’, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology , 192(1), pp. 196–210. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03306-w . IA, K. (2020) ‘Electricity Generation from Waste Tomatoes, Banana, Pineapple Fruits and Peels Using Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFC)’, Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics , 3(2), pp. 1–10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000141 .

42. THANK YOU!