Urbanization concept and problems in the world

Urbanization concept and problems in the world

1. Lecture plan for the day 4.1 Urbanization

2. Urbanization - Introduction Planned and sustainable urban growth has been a matter of concern for planners , researcher demographers and environmentalists. The environmental approach to urban studies is to discuss the problems and solutions to the environmental problems associated with urban growth. The urban population is growing across the world. The urban population has increased from 746 million (1950) to 4000 million (2016) and projected urban population is 7500 million by the year 2050. Maximum growth of urban population is observed in south east Asia and Africa. Over half of the world population today live in cities which is expected to increase up to 60% by 2030.

3. Urbanization: Historical background Ancient cities (5000 to 2000B.C.) – centers of ancient civilizations. Mesopotemia , Egypt, Indus valley of India (before partition), Roman Empire. Cities in Medieval period: inventions such as wheel, use of animals for farming, development of pottery, improved transport and trade. Cities: London, Paris, Delhi and Rome Cities after Industrial Revolution : After industrial revolution in 1750s in England and Western Europe the modern phase of urbanization started Period after 1945 (after World war II) – Many countries in the Eastern world got independence. Their trading towns and administrative centers started developing as important cities. Huge number of people migrating to these cities resulted in growth of megacities and suburbs.

4. Concept of urban According to Census (2011) of India following criteria are used for concept of urban settlement. Places with municipal council or corporations Minimum of 5000 population 75% or more working population engaged in non-agricultural activities. Population density more than 400 persons per sq.km. Major populated cities in the world (2016): Tokyo (1), New York (2), Delhi (3), Shanghai (4), Mumbai (5), Bejing (7),

5. Problems associated with migration in urban areas Overcrowding leads to stress on physical infrastructure Uncontrolled growth of slums is caused by unregulated migration to cities. This is mainly due to unaffordable housing in core cities. Age selective migration to cities changes composition of urban population. Overcrowding leads to faster spread of communicable diseases. Limited job opportunities , stiff competition among labors social segregation in urban society. Pressure on social and physical infrastructure Competition in the labour market Imbalance in gender composition Creation of social vacuum Creation of psychological vacuum Cultural disharmony

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