urine test.pptx

A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections.

1. URINE TEST

2. Terminology Urination - It is the act by which urine is expelled from the bladder. It is also called as micturation , voiding etc. Oliguria - Reduced amount of urine. Anuria - Complete lack of urine. Suppression - No urine is excreted by the kidneys is called as suppression.

3. Conti.. Retention of urine - When urine is produced, but not expelled from the bladder is called as retention. Glycosuria - means glucose [ sugar ] in the urine. Albuminuria - means albumin [ protein ] in the urine. Also called as proteinuria .

4. Conti.. Retention with overflow - It means the patient voids small amount of urine, but does not empty the bladder and the bladder eventually becomes distended. Incontinence of urine - It is the inability to control the sphincter which guards the bladder. [ uncontrolled urination]. Dysuria - means painful urination.Polyuria - means an abnormally large amount of urine.

5. Conti.. Pyuria - means pus in the urine. Frequency - means the patient urinates often. Haematuria - means blood in the urine. Chyluria - Is the chyle in the urine giving it a milky appearance. Calculi - These are stones, formed from minerals, in the urine.

6. Examination of the urine

7. Conti.. In physical examination Colour , Appearance, Volume, Reaction, Specific gravity, and Odour is examined. In chemical examination urine is tested especially for Sugar and Protein.

8. Articles A tray containing – 1) Test tubes 4 to 6 on a test tubes stand, 2) Test tube holder, 3) spirit lamp and match box, 4) conical glass, 5) filter paper, 6) Red and blue litmus paper, 7) Urinometer ,

9. Articles A tray containing – 8) Kidney tray 2, 9) Duster, 10) Acetic acid 2%, 11) Nitric acid or sulphosalic acid. 12) Benedict's solution, 13) A fresh sample of urine.

10. Urinalysis Colour - Take a clean conical glass and pour urine into it and place it on a table against light. Note the colour . Normally the colour is pale yellow or amber colour . Appearance -Inspect the whole urine for the presence of sediments or suspended particles. Normal urine is clear . Odour -While collecting urine, you will be getting the odour of urine. Normal urine has aromatic odour .

11. Conti.. Reaction -To test the reaction, dip one end of a litmus paper into the urine. If the urine is acidic, blue litmus turns into red. If the urine is alkaline, the red litmus turns into blue. No change in both litmus papers indicates neutral reaction. Normal urine is acidic in reaction. Volume --Take a pint measure and measure the urine.

12. Specific Gravity -Allow a urinometer to float in the urine freely. See that the urinometer does not touch the bottom and sides of the conical glass. Read the specific gravity at eye level. Take the lower miniscus to prevent error in reading.

13. Test for Sugar Pour 5 ml of Benedict's solution into a test tube Boil it over the spirit lamp.

14. Conti.. If there is no colour change in the benedict's solution, add 7 to 8 drops of urine to it with a dropper. Boil it again. Allow the test tube to cool. Record the result as follows.

15. Record the result as follows

16. Test for Albumin Pour 1/2 inch of nitric acid 2% into a test tube. Then pour urine about 2 c.c. from the sides of the test tube. If albumin is present a white opaque ring will appear at the junction of urine and nitric acid. Discard the urine and clean the test tube . COLD TEST

17. Hot test Take 3/4 part of urine in a test tube. Holding the tube from bottom, heat the upper part of the urine over the flame of the spirit lamp. Rotate the test tube constantly. so that it will not break. If a cloudy layer appears in the hot urine it may be due to protein or phosphates. Add nitric acid to it with a dropper.

18. Conti If the cloud disappears, it was due to phosphates. If the cloud still remains, it indicates the presence of albumin. It will not disappear with acetic acid. Discard the urine and clean the test tube. The result will depend upon the cloudiness in the urine. Record the result on temperature chart and nurses record and sign.

19. HOT TEST

20. Scientific Principles of urine testing Anatomy & Physiology The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters , the urinary bladder and the urethra . The kidneys are the glandular organs that secrete urine from the blood. The kidneys help to maintain the proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body . Ureters convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder . The bladder is a hollow muscular organ and serves as a reservoir for urine.

21. Conti.. It expels urine by contraction from the body through urethra. The urethra is a small tube about one forth inch in diameter and about one and one half inches long in female and eight or nine inches long in male. The bladder is lined with mucous membrane which continuous to the urethra, the ureters and the pelvis of the kidney. When about 300 ml of urine is accumulated in the bladder, there is a urge to void it.

22. Microbiology If an infection is present in the one part of urinary tract, it may travel to another part because the mucous membrane is continuous from the urethra upto the pelvis of the kidney . The urinary tract gives favorable condition to multiply the micro-organisms, because the tract is dark moist and warm . Cystitis may occur due to highly concentrated urine or by irritating drugs used in the irrigation and instillation, by bacteria, by injury, or by obstruction of the flow of urine .

23. Conti.. Colon bacillus commonly cause the urinary infection. The staphylococci, the streptococci, the gonococci, the typhoid bacilli and the tubercle bacilli are responsible for bladder infection. Patient's with typhoid fever excrete typhoid bacilli in the urine, so disinfect the urine of these patients. Bedpans are sterilized between patients by steam in bedpan sterilizers. Disinfect or wash the bedpans between uses by the same patient.

24. Physics & Chemistry Paseal's principle states that increase in pressure on any portion of a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the liquid. If a large quantity of urine collects in the bladder pressure on adjacent organs may cause pain . Heat is carried to organs and tissues adjacent to the bladder by conduction through tissues . The hot water bag may be applied over the lower abdomen or a warm solution poured over vulva to give warmth .

25. Conti.. Cold contracts tissue, so cool water should be used over the vulva or putting the hands in the cold water will help in contracting the bladder muscle to produce urination. Urine contains about 95 percent of water and 3.7 percent organic and 1.3 percent inorganic wastes. The colour of the urine is due to urochrome . A brown colour of urine is due to an excess of bilirubin . The odor of fresh urine is faintly aromatic due to the presence of urinod .

26. Conti.. The specific gravity of urine is 1.010 to 1.025. It is measured by the urinometer . Reaction of the normal urine is slightly acidic pH below 7. Creatinin is found in the normal urine of adult. Some drugs may be excreted by the kidneys and found in the urine. Hot water and some chemicals coagulate protein so urine is heated for albumin test or nitric acid is used to test the urine for albumin. Phosphates dilute in the acetic acid.

27. Conti.. Benedict solution is used to test the urine for sugar. Chemical action takes place between sugar in the urine and cupper sulphate . The formula of benedict's solution is sodium carbonate 100 gm, Sodium citrate 173 gm. CuSO4 17.3 gm. All dissolved in the 1000 ml distilled water .

28. Conti.. Pharmacology – Drugs which increase the flow of urine are called diuretics. Drugs which decrease the flow of urine are called antidiuretics . Psychology – certain psychic states greatly increase the tonicity of the muscles of the bladder so that internal pressure and the desire to urination is increased. Explain the purpose to the patient to get the co-operation.