Uses of drones in general and in agriculture.pptx

It will be helpful for people who want to know about drones and their applications in various sectors, especially for agriculture students.

1. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur Guided by Dr. A.L. Rathore ( Professor ) Department of Agronomy Presented by Himalay Sahu (Ph.D. scholar) Session 2022-23 Department of Agronomy Doctoral Seminar on Uses of Drone Technology in general and in Agriculture

2. Introduction History of drones Types of drones Different parts of drones How does drone technology work ? Uses of drone technology in different sectors Agricultural applications of the drone Conclusion Contents 1 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

3. A drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems. The term drone usually refers to any unpiloted aircraft. OR unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). They work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS). Introduction 2 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

4. In 1898 Nikola Tesla premieres a small radio operated boat at a madison Square garden exhibition. In 1849 (Air Balloons) Austrians used balloons to drop bombs during attack on city of Venice. History of Drones 3 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

5. In 1918 (Kettering Bug) Designed to drop bombs on targets during world war I. In 1935 (Queen Bee) Created in the UK. This drone was used by the military for moving target practice. 4 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

6. In 1982 (Battlefield UAV’s) A major milestone, Israel changed the way world was seeing drones . Destroyed many Syrian aircrafts with minimal loss using UAV’s In 1964-1969 (The lightning Bug) It was created for surveillance during the cold war by the united states. 5 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

7. In 2001 (Present Predator) Designed in the US. This drone is used for surveillance and targeted warfare. In 2020-21( China reveals top secret AI drone ) Given instruction to patrol waves Used sensors detect submarine 6 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

8. 2. Fixed-wing drones Longer flight time Can carry a heavier payload Greater stability in the wind Higher flight speeds 1. Multi-rotor drones Easy to control and maneuver VTOL and hover flight Often lower price Portability Different types of Drones Types of drones according to wing types 7 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

9. 4 . Fixed-wing hybrid VTOL drones VTOL and hover Long-endurance flight Fast speed Heavier payload capability 3 . Single-rotor helicopter drones VTOL and hover flight Long endurance (with gas power) Heavier payload capability Types of drones according to wing types 8 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

10. Types of drones according to drone range Very close-range drones Flight distance- 5 km Flight time- 1hour Use- recreation 2.Close-range drones Flight distance- upto 50 km Flight time- 1 to 6 hour Use- Military surveillance and Aerial photography 9 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

11. 3. Short-range drones Flight distance- 150 km Flight time- 8-12 hours Use- Large-scale surveillance Mapping and surveying Utility inspection 4. Mid-range drones Flight distance- 644 km Flight time- 24 hour Use- Military combat and surveillance 5. Long-range drones Flight distance- More than 644 km Flight time- More than 24 hours Use- Military surveillance and espionage Weather tracking Geographic mapping 10 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

12. Components of Drones 11 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

13. Sensors used in Drone Visual Sensors Thermal Sensors Aerial mapping Imaging Plant counting Surveying Heat Signature detection Livestock detection Surveillance Water source detection Emergency response Plant health measurement Water quality assessment Vegetation index Full spectral sensing Hyperspectral Sensors LIDAR Sensors Useful in 3D digital surface modelling Surface variation detection Flood mapping Short range 12 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

14. Crop monitoring How does drone technology work ? 13 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

15. Normalized deviation vegetation index (NDVI) NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red) Using the simple equation above, which returns values between -1 and 1, a higher value represents a healthier plant. 14 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

16. Sprinkling system The sprinkling system as two modules- 1) sprinkling system 2) Controller. The sprinkling system contains the spraying content (pesticides or fertilizers) and a nozzle for spraying . Controller used to activate the nozzle of the sprayer . A pressure pump is pressurizes the pesticide to flow through the nozzle . A motor driver integrated circuit is used to pressure the pump as per the requirement. 15 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

17. Drone Model Sprinkling speed Nozzle type RMAX Yamaha motor 47 l/ha Flat fan Quad copter 1 l/minute Flat fan N-3 type 0.6-1 l/ha Centrifugal DJI S-900 0.2 MPa (Pressure) Flat fan nozzle Z-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Electrical centrifugal N-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Rotry automizer Table:- Analysis of different spraying system 16 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

18. Fig. Centrifugal Nozzle Fig. Flat fan Nozzle 17 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

19. Application of Drones in different sectors Defence 18

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21. Criteria for selection of agricultural drones Durable Versatile in use Extended time of flight Easier in handling/operations Easier in retrieval of data Higher credibility of data Affordable cost 20 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

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23. Terrain Mapping Companies like Folio 3 (AI drones) are able to do terrain mapping for better management of the agricultural industry. The advanced computer vision capabilities of drones enable them to accurately map the terrain and offer real-time feedback to farmers for efficient planning and management of fields. 22 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

24. Monitoring Field Conditions used to monitor the health of soil and field conditions . Field elevation is useful in determining drainage patterns and wet/dry spots which allow for more efficient watering techniques. It offers  nutrient level monitoring  in soil using enhanced sensors. This allows for precise application of fertilizers, eliminating poor growing spots. 23

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26. Spray applications Drone use to apply spray treatments is already widespread in south-east Asia, with South Korea using drones for approximately 30% of their agriculture spraying. Drone sprayers are able to navigate very hard to reach areas, such as steep tea fields at high elevations. Drones sprayers delivery very fine spray applications that can be targeted to specific areas to maximize efficiency and save on chemical costs. 25 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

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28. Scouting/monitoring plant health Drones equipped with special imaging equipment called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) use detailed colour information to indicate plant health. Agricultural drones fitted along with multispectral sensors and RGB sensors also detect field areas inflicted by weeds, infections, and pests. According to this data, the exact amounts of chemicals needed to fight these infestations are known, and this helps diminish the costs inflicted by the farmer. 27 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

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30. Irrigation monitoring Drones with hyper spectral, thermal, or multispectral sensors detect areas that are too dry or require the farmer's attention. Drone survey helps improve water efficiency and disclose potential pooling/leaks in irrigation by providing Irrigation monitoring. Using   microwave sensing , drones are able to capture very accurate moisture levels without the plants getting in the way. 29

31. Planting and seeding N ewer and less wide spread uses of drones in agriculture is for planting seeds. Automated drone seeders are mostly being used in forestry industries right now the very hard to reach areas can be replanted without endangering workers. They are also able to plant much more efficiently with a team of two operators and ten drones capable of planting  400,000 trees a day . 30 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

32. Drone Pollination Researchers   in the Netherlands and Japan are developing small drones that are capable of pollinating plants without damaging them. The next step is to create autonomous pollinating drones that will work and monitor crop health without constant instruction from operators. 31 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

33. Livestock tracking Thermal sensor technology helps find lost animals and detect an injury or sickness. In addition to that, We can set our drones with high-definition thermal imagers and night-capable cameras to survey if there are unwanted animals in their farms that are preying on their livestock. Drones are currently being utilized at India’s Kaziranga National Park to track human poachers who are targeting the horned rhino. 32 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

34. Prepare for weather glitches Drones can be used to detect upcoming weather conditions . Storm drones are already being used to make better predictions. Advance notice of storms or lack of rain can be used to plan the crop to be planted that would be best suited to the season. 33 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

35. Commercial drones available in India The Agras T30 (or T20 or T10) Used for spraying purpose 40 kg capacity, a flow rate of up to 50 kg per minutes a spreading width of up to 7 meters ability to cover up to 40 acres per hour Price- 22 lakh rs 34 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

36. Agras MG-1- DJI Octocopter designed, For spraying purpose. Carry upto 10 KG of liquid payloads Can cover 4000-6000 meter square area in just 10 minutes which is regarded as 70 times faster as compared to manual spraying. Equipped with 4 nozzles for accurate spraying of fertilizer in the field Price- 7.30 lakh rs of 10 litre capacity 35 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

37. Conclusion Drones have already vastly altered the agricultural industry and will continue to grow in the coming years. While drone use is becoming more useful to small farmers, there is still a ways to go before they become part of every farmers equipment roster, particularly in developing nations. Regulations around drone use need to be made and revised in many countries and more research needs to be done on their effectiveness at certain tasks. There are many ways drones can be useful to farmers but it is important to understand their limitations and functions before investing in expensive equipment. 36 Conclusion By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt . Of Agronomy

38. “Drones overall will be more impactful than think people recognize in positive ways to help society.” -- By Bill Gates 37