Uses of minerals native elements part-1
bala1957
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About This Presentation
Minerals occupy the prime position in lithosphere, especially in the outer layer of the earth, i.e. the crust. Earth’s crust contain more number of elements that have been discovered so far. Among those, there are some elements which are seen in appreciable quantities. A few of them occupy the en...
Slide Content
Prof. A. BalasubramanianProf. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth
ScienceScience
University of Mysore, IndiaUniversity of Mysore, India
Minerals and Their UsesMinerals and Their Uses
Part-IPart-I
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth
ScienceScience
University of Mysore, IndiaUniversity of Mysore, India
Minerals and Their UsesMinerals and Their Uses
Part-IPart-I
Lithosphere Lithosphere
Is a unique sphere of the earthIs a unique sphere of the earth
It is the sphere of solid rocks and It is the sphere of solid rocks and
mineralsminerals
Is a unique sphere of the earthIs a unique sphere of the earth
It is the sphere of solid rocks and It is the sphere of solid rocks and
mineralsminerals
Lithosphere contains a wide variety of Lithosphere contains a wide variety of
natural resources like natural resources like
water, water,
minerals, minerals,
chemical elements, chemical elements,
biochemical compounds, biochemical compounds,
geochemical species, geochemical species,
hydrochemical species, hydrochemical species,
oil, oil,
rocks and many more chemicals for all life rocks and many more chemicals for all life
to use.to use.
Lithosphere contains a wide variety of Lithosphere contains a wide variety of
natural resources like natural resources like
water, water,
minerals, minerals,
chemical elements, chemical elements,
biochemical compounds, biochemical compounds,
geochemical species, geochemical species,
hydrochemical species, hydrochemical species,
oil, oil,
rocks and many more chemicals for all life rocks and many more chemicals for all life
to use.to use.
Minerals occupy the prime position in Minerals occupy the prime position in
lithosphere, especially in the outer lithosphere, especially in the outer
layer of the earth, i.e. the crust.layer of the earth, i.e. the crust.
Earth’s crust contain more number of Earth’s crust contain more number of
elements that have been discovered so elements that have been discovered so
far. far.
Among those, there are some elements Among those, there are some elements
which are seen in appreciable which are seen in appreciable
quantities.quantities.
A few of them occupy the entire core of A few of them occupy the entire core of
the earth also.the earth also.
Minerals occupy the prime position in Minerals occupy the prime position in
lithosphere, especially in the outer lithosphere, especially in the outer
layer of the earth, i.e. the crust.layer of the earth, i.e. the crust.
Earth’s crust contain more number of Earth’s crust contain more number of
elements that have been discovered so elements that have been discovered so
far. far.
Among those, there are some elements Among those, there are some elements
which are seen in appreciable which are seen in appreciable
quantities.quantities.
A few of them occupy the entire core of A few of them occupy the entire core of
the earth also.the earth also.
If we look at the
19 elements
19 elements
MineralsMinerals
Minerals are naturally occurring Minerals are naturally occurring
elements or compounds. elements or compounds.
They have a definite chemical They have a definite chemical
composition and a characteristic composition and a characteristic
crystal form. crystal form.
Every mineral has its own physical Every mineral has its own physical
properties and chemical properties and chemical
composition.composition.
Minerals are naturally occurring Minerals are naturally occurring
elements or compounds. elements or compounds.
They have a definite chemical They have a definite chemical
composition and a characteristic composition and a characteristic
crystal form. crystal form.
Every mineral has its own physical Every mineral has its own physical
properties and chemical properties and chemical
composition.composition.
Natural resources Natural resources
Minerals are valuable natural Minerals are valuable natural
resourcesresources
Most of them are used in industries Most of them are used in industries
due to their unique physical due to their unique physical
properties, optical properties and properties, optical properties and
chemical composition.chemical composition.
Minerals are valuable natural Minerals are valuable natural
resourcesresources
Most of them are used in industries Most of them are used in industries
due to their unique physical due to their unique physical
properties, optical properties and properties, optical properties and
chemical composition.chemical composition.
World of MineralsWorld of Minerals
About 3000 typical minerals are found in About 3000 typical minerals are found in
nature.nature.
Many of them occur in varieties of rock Many of them occur in varieties of rock
types, structures, dimensions and shapes.types, structures, dimensions and shapes.
They are all occurring as a part of the They are all occurring as a part of the
lithospheric rocks and their structures.lithospheric rocks and their structures.
About 3000 typical minerals are found in About 3000 typical minerals are found in
nature.nature.
Many of them occur in varieties of rock Many of them occur in varieties of rock
types, structures, dimensions and shapes.types, structures, dimensions and shapes.
They are all occurring as a part of the They are all occurring as a part of the
lithospheric rocks and their structures.lithospheric rocks and their structures.
Composition of MineralsComposition of Minerals
Minerals may be composed of a single Minerals may be composed of a single
element, like gold (Au) or a combination of element, like gold (Au) or a combination of
elements. elements.
Minerals composed of more than one Minerals composed of more than one
element are bound together by electrical element are bound together by electrical
bonding. bonding.
Minerals may be composed of a single Minerals may be composed of a single
element, like gold (Au) or a combination of element, like gold (Au) or a combination of
elements. elements.
Minerals composed of more than one Minerals composed of more than one
element are bound together by electrical element are bound together by electrical
bonding. bonding.
Eight Major Mineral GroupsEight Major Mineral Groups
Minerals are organized, mainly according to their Minerals are organized, mainly according to their
chemistry. chemistry.
The common mineral groups are: The common mineral groups are:
1.1.Native ElementsNative Elements
2.2.Oxides ( of Silicon, semi-metals, metals and Intermediate Oxides ( of Silicon, semi-metals, metals and Intermediate
oxides)oxides)
3.3.Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides & AntimonidesSulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides & Antimonides
4.4.Haloids-chlorides, bromides, iodides & Fluorides Haloids-chlorides, bromides, iodides & Fluorides
5.5.Oxygen salts- ( Carbonates, Nitrates , Borates , Oxygen salts- ( Carbonates, Nitrates , Borates ,
Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates , Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates , Sulfates,
Chromates, Tellurates, Borates, Uranates, Tungstates & Chromates, Tellurates, Borates, Uranates, Tungstates &
Molybdates ) Molybdates )
6.6.Silicates Silicates
7.7.Mineraloids &Mineraloids &
8.8.Organics- Hydrocarbons.Organics- Hydrocarbons.
Minerals are organized, mainly according to their Minerals are organized, mainly according to their
chemistry. chemistry.
The common mineral groups are: The common mineral groups are:
1.1.Native ElementsNative Elements
2.2.Oxides ( of Silicon, semi-metals, metals and Intermediate Oxides ( of Silicon, semi-metals, metals and Intermediate
oxides)oxides)
3.3.Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides & AntimonidesSulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides & Antimonides
4.4.Haloids-chlorides, bromides, iodides & Fluorides Haloids-chlorides, bromides, iodides & Fluorides
5.5.Oxygen salts- ( Carbonates, Nitrates , Borates , Oxygen salts- ( Carbonates, Nitrates , Borates ,
Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates , Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates , Sulfates,
Chromates, Tellurates, Borates, Uranates, Tungstates & Chromates, Tellurates, Borates, Uranates, Tungstates &
Molybdates ) Molybdates )
6.6.Silicates Silicates
7.7.Mineraloids &Mineraloids &
8.8.Organics- Hydrocarbons.Organics- Hydrocarbons.
Sub-classes of Native ElementsSub-classes of Native Elements
There are four sub-classes in this There are four sub-classes in this
group:group:
A.A.Native metals Native metals
B.B.Metallic alloys Metallic alloys
C.C.Non-metals and Non-metals and
D.D.Semi-metals.Semi-metals.
There are four sub-classes in this There are four sub-classes in this
group:group:
A.A.Native metals Native metals
B.B.Metallic alloys Metallic alloys
C.C.Non-metals and Non-metals and
D.D.Semi-metals.Semi-metals.
Native ElementsNative Elements
Native elements, as the name implies, Native elements, as the name implies,
are minerals containing individual or are minerals containing individual or
combined chemical elements. combined chemical elements.
This group contains a large number of This group contains a large number of
minerals that are composed of more than minerals that are composed of more than
one element. one element.
Hence, they are further classified into Hence, they are further classified into
sub-classes.sub-classes.
Native elements, as the name implies, Native elements, as the name implies,
are minerals containing individual or are minerals containing individual or
combined chemical elements. combined chemical elements.
This group contains a large number of This group contains a large number of
minerals that are composed of more than minerals that are composed of more than
one element. one element.
Hence, they are further classified into Hence, they are further classified into
sub-classes.sub-classes.
Native ElementsNative Elements
The Elements group of minerals include The Elements group of minerals include
more than one hundred known minerals.more than one hundred known minerals.
This is a diverse class when taken as a This is a diverse class when taken as a
whole. Most of this diversity is due to the whole. Most of this diversity is due to the
diversity of the Non-metals Subclass. diversity of the Non-metals Subclass.
The Elements group of minerals include The Elements group of minerals include
more than one hundred known minerals.more than one hundred known minerals.
This is a diverse class when taken as a This is a diverse class when taken as a
whole. Most of this diversity is due to the whole. Most of this diversity is due to the
diversity of the Non-metals Subclass. diversity of the Non-metals Subclass.
Metals subclassMetals subclass
The Metals Subclass and metal alloys The Metals Subclass and metal alloys
contains metals whose properties are contains metals whose properties are
similar due to their common characters similar due to their common characters
of crystallization and bonding. of crystallization and bonding.
The greatest difference in the metals is The greatest difference in the metals is
the color. the color.
The non-metals are extremely diverse. The non-metals are extremely diverse.
The non-metals include some elements The non-metals include some elements
which considered as semi-metals. which considered as semi-metals.
The Metals Subclass and metal alloys The Metals Subclass and metal alloys
contains metals whose properties are contains metals whose properties are
similar due to their common characters similar due to their common characters
of crystallization and bonding. of crystallization and bonding.
The greatest difference in the metals is The greatest difference in the metals is
the color. the color.
The non-metals are extremely diverse. The non-metals are extremely diverse.
The non-metals include some elements The non-metals include some elements
which considered as semi-metals. which considered as semi-metals.
Metal alloysMetal alloys
Metal Metal alloysalloys are combinations of different metals in are combinations of different metals in
one mineral. one mineral.
All native metals never occur in their pure forms. Most of All native metals never occur in their pure forms. Most of
them are impure. them are impure.
However, they are consistent in their composition.However, they are consistent in their composition.
Alloys are also composed of semi-metals. These are Alloys are also composed of semi-metals. These are
further classified as further classified as sulfides, Selenides,sulfides, Selenides, the the
Tellurides,Tellurides, the the AntimonidesAntimonides and the and the Arsenides.Arsenides.
The main difference between elemental The main difference between elemental alloysalloys and and
these semi-metal alloys is the presence of covalent these semi-metal alloys is the presence of covalent
bonding in these minerals as opposed to the strictly bonding in these minerals as opposed to the strictly
metallic bonding in pure metals and their metal alloys. metallic bonding in pure metals and their metal alloys.
Metal Metal alloysalloys are combinations of different metals in are combinations of different metals in
one mineral. one mineral.
All native metals never occur in their pure forms. Most of All native metals never occur in their pure forms. Most of
them are impure. them are impure.
However, they are consistent in their composition.However, they are consistent in their composition.
Alloys are also composed of semi-metals. These are Alloys are also composed of semi-metals. These are
further classified as further classified as sulfides, Selenides,sulfides, Selenides, the the
Tellurides,Tellurides, the the AntimonidesAntimonides and the and the Arsenides.Arsenides.
The main difference between elemental The main difference between elemental alloysalloys and and
these semi-metal alloys is the presence of covalent these semi-metal alloys is the presence of covalent
bonding in these minerals as opposed to the strictly bonding in these minerals as opposed to the strictly
metallic bonding in pure metals and their metal alloys. metallic bonding in pure metals and their metal alloys.
The most difficult to classify are the The most difficult to classify are the
metal/non-metalmetal/non-metal mineral mineral
combinations. combinations.
These minerals, which combine These minerals, which combine
metals such as iron with the very metals such as iron with the very
nonnon-metallic elements of carbon, -metallic elements of carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon are nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon are
quite unique and quite rare. quite unique and quite rare.
The most difficult to classify are the The most difficult to classify are the
metal/non-metalmetal/non-metal mineral mineral
combinations. combinations.
These minerals, which combine These minerals, which combine
metals such as iron with the very metals such as iron with the very
nonnon-metallic elements of carbon, -metallic elements of carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon are nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon are
quite unique and quite rare. quite unique and quite rare.
1. Native Elements1. Native Elements
Native Metals Native Metals
Include the most common elements like Include the most common elements like
1)1)Aluminum Aluminum AlAl
2)2)Cadmium Cadmium CdCd
3)3)Chromium Chromium CrCr
4)4)Copper Copper CuCu
5)5)Gold Gold AuAu
6)6)Indium Indium InIn
Contd..
Include the most common elements like Include the most common elements like
1)1)Aluminum Aluminum AlAl
2)2)Cadmium Cadmium CdCd
3)3)Chromium Chromium CrCr
4)4)Copper Copper CuCu
5)5)Gold Gold AuAu
6)6)Indium Indium InIn
Contd..
Native Metals Native Metals (Contd.) (Contd.)
7)7)Iridium Iridium (Ir, Os, Ru)(Ir, Os, Ru)
8)8)Iron Iron FeFe
9)9)Lead Lead PbPb
10)10)Mercury Mercury HgHg
11)11)Nickel Nickel NiNi
12)12)Palladium Palladium PdPd
13)13)Platinum Platinum PtPt
Contd..
7)7)Iridium Iridium (Ir, Os, Ru)(Ir, Os, Ru)
8)8)Iron Iron FeFe
9)9)Lead Lead PbPb
10)10)Mercury Mercury HgHg
11)11)Nickel Nickel NiNi
12)12)Palladium Palladium PdPd
13)13)Platinum Platinum PtPt
Contd..
Native Metals Native Metals ( Contd..) ( Contd..)
14)14)Rhodium Rhodium (Rh, Pt)(Rh, Pt)
15)15)Silver Silver AgAg
16)16)Tellurium Tellurium TeTe
17)17)Tin Tin SnSn
18)18)Titanium Titanium TiTi
19)19)Zinc Zinc ZnZn
About 19 native metals
14)14)Rhodium Rhodium (Rh, Pt)(Rh, Pt)
15)15)Silver Silver AgAg
16)16)Tellurium Tellurium TeTe
17)17)Tin Tin SnSn
18)18)Titanium Titanium TiTi
19)19)Zinc Zinc ZnZn
About 19 native metals
Metals are unique elementsMetals are unique elements
Perfect fundamental characters likePerfect fundamental characters like
Malleability, ductility, metallic luster and Malleability, ductility, metallic luster and
conductivity for heat and electricity.conductivity for heat and electricity.
Positive or basic compounds.Positive or basic compounds.
Perfect fundamental characters likePerfect fundamental characters like
Malleability, ductility, metallic luster and Malleability, ductility, metallic luster and
conductivity for heat and electricity.conductivity for heat and electricity.
Positive or basic compounds.Positive or basic compounds.
Aluminum Aluminum AlAl
Aluminum is the most abundant metallic Aluminum is the most abundant metallic
element in the Earth's crust. element in the Earth's crust.
Bauxite is the main ore / source of Bauxite is the main ore / source of
aluminum. aluminum.
Aluminum is used in automobiles and Aluminum is used in automobiles and
airplanes (36%), bottling and canning airplanes (36%), bottling and canning
industries (25%), building and electrical industries (25%), building and electrical
(14%) and in other applications (25%). (14%) and in other applications (25%).
Aluminum is the most abundant metallic Aluminum is the most abundant metallic
element in the Earth's crust. element in the Earth's crust.
Bauxite is the main ore / source of Bauxite is the main ore / source of
aluminum. aluminum.
Aluminum is used in automobiles and Aluminum is used in automobiles and
airplanes (36%), bottling and canning airplanes (36%), bottling and canning
industries (25%), building and electrical industries (25%), building and electrical
(14%) and in other applications (25%). (14%) and in other applications (25%).
Cadmium Cadmium CdCd
Cadmium is a very soft, silvery-white metallic Cadmium is a very soft, silvery-white metallic
element. element.
Cadmium is used in plating and alloying, Cadmium is used in plating and alloying,
pigments, plastics, and batteries.pigments, plastics, and batteries.
Cadmium is obtained from the ore minerals Cadmium is obtained from the ore minerals
Sphalerite (Zn,Cd)S and Greenockite (CdS) Sphalerite (Zn,Cd)S and Greenockite (CdS)
It is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.It is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.
Cadmium has many chemical similarities to zinc, Cadmium has many chemical similarities to zinc,
but is less reactive with acids than is zinc.but is less reactive with acids than is zinc.
Cadmium is a very soft, silvery-white metallic Cadmium is a very soft, silvery-white metallic
element. element.
Cadmium is used in plating and alloying, Cadmium is used in plating and alloying,
pigments, plastics, and batteries.pigments, plastics, and batteries.
Cadmium is obtained from the ore minerals Cadmium is obtained from the ore minerals
Sphalerite (Zn,Cd)S and Greenockite (CdS) Sphalerite (Zn,Cd)S and Greenockite (CdS)
It is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.It is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.
Cadmium has many chemical similarities to zinc, Cadmium has many chemical similarities to zinc,
but is less reactive with acids than is zinc.but is less reactive with acids than is zinc.
The single most important use of cadmium is in The single most important use of cadmium is in
the production of nickel-cadmium ("Ni-Cad") the production of nickel-cadmium ("Ni-Cad")
batteries. batteries.
Nickel-cadmium batteries are rechargeable and Nickel-cadmium batteries are rechargeable and
have found wide use in cellular phones, hand-have found wide use in cellular phones, hand-
held cordless power tools, cameras, portable held cordless power tools, cameras, portable
computers, and a wide variety of household computers, and a wide variety of household
products.products.
Cadmium sulfide (also called Cadmium sulfide (also called cadmium yellowcadmium yellow) is ) is
used as a paint pigment. It is also used in used as a paint pigment. It is also used in
solders & green phosphor of TV tubes.solders & green phosphor of TV tubes.
Cadmium is used to make low-temperature Cadmium is used to make low-temperature
melting alloys.melting alloys.
The single most important use of cadmium is in The single most important use of cadmium is in
the production of nickel-cadmium ("Ni-Cad") the production of nickel-cadmium ("Ni-Cad")
batteries. batteries.
Nickel-cadmium batteries are rechargeable and Nickel-cadmium batteries are rechargeable and
have found wide use in cellular phones, hand-have found wide use in cellular phones, hand-
held cordless power tools, cameras, portable held cordless power tools, cameras, portable
computers, and a wide variety of household computers, and a wide variety of household
products.products.
Cadmium sulfide (also called Cadmium sulfide (also called cadmium yellowcadmium yellow) is ) is
used as a paint pigment. It is also used in used as a paint pigment. It is also used in
solders & green phosphor of TV tubes.solders & green phosphor of TV tubes.
Cadmium is used to make low-temperature Cadmium is used to make low-temperature
melting alloys.melting alloys.
Chromium Chromium CrCr
Chromium is a hard, bluish metallic element (Cr). Chromium is a hard, bluish metallic element (Cr).
Chromium is obtained from the ore mineral Chromium is obtained from the ore mineral
Chromite (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)Chromite (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)
22OO
44
The mineral, crocoite (PbCrOThe mineral, crocoite (PbCrO
44, lead chromate), is , lead chromate), is
a variety known as “red lead” because of the a variety known as “red lead” because of the
beautiful orange-red color. beautiful orange-red color.
Chromium is used in the production of stainless Chromium is used in the production of stainless
and heat-resistant steel, full-alloy steel, super and heat-resistant steel, full-alloy steel, super
alloys and other alloys.alloys and other alloys.
Chromium is a hard, bluish metallic element (Cr). Chromium is a hard, bluish metallic element (Cr).
Chromium is obtained from the ore mineral Chromium is obtained from the ore mineral
Chromite (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)Chromite (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)
22OO
44
The mineral, crocoite (PbCrOThe mineral, crocoite (PbCrO
44, lead chromate), is , lead chromate), is
a variety known as “red lead” because of the a variety known as “red lead” because of the
beautiful orange-red color. beautiful orange-red color.
Chromium is used in the production of stainless Chromium is used in the production of stainless
and heat-resistant steel, full-alloy steel, super and heat-resistant steel, full-alloy steel, super
alloys and other alloys.alloys and other alloys.
Copper CuCopper Cu
Copper is a reddish metal that can be Copper is a reddish metal that can be
easily molded or shaped. It is an essential easily molded or shaped. It is an essential
element for all living things. element for all living things.
It does not degrade. It occurs naturally in It does not degrade. It occurs naturally in
rocks, soil, water, sediments, plants and rocks, soil, water, sediments, plants and
animals.animals.
It is present normally in 50 mg/kg of the It is present normally in 50 mg/kg of the
earth’s crust. earth’s crust.
Copper is a reddish metal that can be Copper is a reddish metal that can be
easily molded or shaped. It is an essential easily molded or shaped. It is an essential
element for all living things. element for all living things.
It does not degrade. It occurs naturally in It does not degrade. It occurs naturally in
rocks, soil, water, sediments, plants and rocks, soil, water, sediments, plants and
animals.animals.
It is present normally in 50 mg/kg of the It is present normally in 50 mg/kg of the
earth’s crust. earth’s crust.
Copper Copper CuCu
Copper compounds are used in treating plant Copper compounds are used in treating plant
diseases, eliminate algae from water, and as a diseases, eliminate algae from water, and as a
preservative for wood, leather and fabrics.preservative for wood, leather and fabrics.
Copper is used in electric cables and wires, Copper is used in electric cables and wires,
switches, plumbing; heating, electrical, and switches, plumbing; heating, electrical, and
roofing materials; electronic components; roofing materials; electronic components;
industrial machinery and equipment; industrial machinery and equipment;
transportation; consumer and general products; transportation; consumer and general products;
coins; and also in jewelry. coins; and also in jewelry.
Copper compounds are used in treating plant Copper compounds are used in treating plant
diseases, eliminate algae from water, and as a diseases, eliminate algae from water, and as a
preservative for wood, leather and fabrics.preservative for wood, leather and fabrics.
Copper is used in electric cables and wires, Copper is used in electric cables and wires,
switches, plumbing; heating, electrical, and switches, plumbing; heating, electrical, and
roofing materials; electronic components; roofing materials; electronic components;
industrial machinery and equipment; industrial machinery and equipment;
transportation; consumer and general products; transportation; consumer and general products;
coins; and also in jewelry. coins; and also in jewelry.
Gold Gold AuAu
One of the most widely known elements in the One of the most widely known elements in the
world is gold. A highly valued and respected world is gold. A highly valued and respected
metal in human civilization.metal in human civilization.
Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewelry Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewelry
and arts, medallions and coins, and in ingots. and arts, medallions and coins, and in ingots.
It is also used for scientific and electronic It is also used for scientific and electronic
instruments, computer circuitry, as an electrolyte instruments, computer circuitry, as an electrolyte
in the electroplating industry, and in many in the electroplating industry, and in many
applications for the aerospace industry. applications for the aerospace industry.
One of the most widely known elements in the One of the most widely known elements in the
world is gold. A highly valued and respected world is gold. A highly valued and respected
metal in human civilization.metal in human civilization.
Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewelry Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewelry
and arts, medallions and coins, and in ingots. and arts, medallions and coins, and in ingots.
It is also used for scientific and electronic It is also used for scientific and electronic
instruments, computer circuitry, as an electrolyte instruments, computer circuitry, as an electrolyte
in the electroplating industry, and in many in the electroplating industry, and in many
applications for the aerospace industry. applications for the aerospace industry.
Gold AuGold Au
Gold is the heaviest metal known - six to seven Gold is the heaviest metal known - six to seven
times heavier than its nearest competitor.times heavier than its nearest competitor.
Gold can be hammered so thin that sunlight can Gold can be hammered so thin that sunlight can
shine through it - so thin that a pile of 200,000 shine through it - so thin that a pile of 200,000
separate sheets would be only an inch high.separate sheets would be only an inch high.
A single ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire A single ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire
60 miles long60 miles long
Gold is the heaviest metal known - six to seven Gold is the heaviest metal known - six to seven
times heavier than its nearest competitor.times heavier than its nearest competitor.
Gold can be hammered so thin that sunlight can Gold can be hammered so thin that sunlight can
shine through it - so thin that a pile of 200,000 shine through it - so thin that a pile of 200,000
separate sheets would be only an inch high.separate sheets would be only an inch high.
A single ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire A single ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire
60 miles long60 miles long
GoldGold
Most of the gold that is used in the Most of the gold that is used in the
production of jewelry. production of jewelry.
About 10% is used in coinage or in the About 10% is used in coinage or in the
financial stores of governments. financial stores of governments.
The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide
range of other uses which include range of other uses which include
electronics, medicine, dentistry, electronics, medicine, dentistry,
computers, awards, pigments, guilding, computers, awards, pigments, guilding,
and optics. and optics.
Most of the gold that is used in the Most of the gold that is used in the
production of jewelry. production of jewelry.
About 10% is used in coinage or in the About 10% is used in coinage or in the
financial stores of governments. financial stores of governments.
The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide
range of other uses which include range of other uses which include
electronics, medicine, dentistry, electronics, medicine, dentistry,
computers, awards, pigments, guilding, computers, awards, pigments, guilding,
and optics. and optics.
Gold Gold
Gold is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis Gold is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis
victims with a success rate of about 70%.victims with a success rate of about 70%.
Gold is used in window glass and the face Gold is used in window glass and the face
plates in the helmets of astronauts to plates in the helmets of astronauts to
deflect dangerous infrared radiation.deflect dangerous infrared radiation.
Gold is inactive chemically. Gold is inactive chemically.
It is not affected by air, heat, moisture or It is not affected by air, heat, moisture or
ordinary solvents.ordinary solvents.
Gold is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis Gold is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis
victims with a success rate of about 70%.victims with a success rate of about 70%.
Gold is used in window glass and the face Gold is used in window glass and the face
plates in the helmets of astronauts to plates in the helmets of astronauts to
deflect dangerous infrared radiation.deflect dangerous infrared radiation.
Gold is inactive chemically. Gold is inactive chemically.
It is not affected by air, heat, moisture or It is not affected by air, heat, moisture or
ordinary solvents.ordinary solvents.
Indium Indium InIn
Indium is a soft, silver-white metallic element. Indium is a soft, silver-white metallic element.
Indium was named after Indium was named after indigoindigo, a significant , a significant
color line in its atomic spectrum.color line in its atomic spectrum.
Indium was discovered in 1863.Indium was discovered in 1863.
Indium is very stable in both air and water; it Indium is very stable in both air and water; it
does react with some acids. does react with some acids.
It forms only a very few rare minerals, such as It forms only a very few rare minerals, such as
indite, which is never abundant enough to be indite, which is never abundant enough to be
considered as an ore of indium. considered as an ore of indium.
Indium is a soft, silver-white metallic element. Indium is a soft, silver-white metallic element.
Indium was named after Indium was named after indigoindigo, a significant , a significant
color line in its atomic spectrum.color line in its atomic spectrum.
Indium was discovered in 1863.Indium was discovered in 1863.
Indium is very stable in both air and water; it Indium is very stable in both air and water; it
does react with some acids. does react with some acids.
It forms only a very few rare minerals, such as It forms only a very few rare minerals, such as
indite, which is never abundant enough to be indite, which is never abundant enough to be
considered as an ore of indium. considered as an ore of indium.
Indium Indium
Indium has the unusual physical property Indium has the unusual physical property
that when it is bent (that is, when it is that when it is bent (that is, when it is
stressed) it creates a sound similar in stressed) it creates a sound similar in
pitch to a scream. pitch to a scream.
Indium is not necessary for any biological Indium is not necessary for any biological
purpose. purpose.
It has been found that small amounts of It has been found that small amounts of
indium can cause an increase in indium can cause an increase in
metabolic rate.metabolic rate.
Indium has the unusual physical property Indium has the unusual physical property
that when it is bent (that is, when it is that when it is bent (that is, when it is
stressed) it creates a sound similar in stressed) it creates a sound similar in
pitch to a scream. pitch to a scream.
Indium is not necessary for any biological Indium is not necessary for any biological
purpose. purpose.
It has been found that small amounts of It has been found that small amounts of
indium can cause an increase in indium can cause an increase in
metabolic rate.metabolic rate.
Indium is used to make what are called Indium is used to make what are called thin film thin film
coatingscoatings which are used to make such which are used to make such
electronic devices as liquid crystal displays electronic devices as liquid crystal displays
(LCDs). (LCDs).
The compound indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to The compound indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to
make LCDs and this is the largest use of make LCDs and this is the largest use of
indium, accounting for 50% of its annual indium, accounting for 50% of its annual
consumption. consumption.
Indium, as indium phosphide, is used to make Indium, as indium phosphide, is used to make
photovoltaic devices (devices that transform photovoltaic devices (devices that transform
light energy into electricity), semi-conductors, light energy into electricity), semi-conductors,
high-speed transistors, specialized solders and high-speed transistors, specialized solders and
metal alloys. metal alloys.
Indium alloys have been used in control rods Indium alloys have been used in control rods
for nuclear reactors. for nuclear reactors.
Indium is used to make what are called Indium is used to make what are called thin film thin film
coatingscoatings which are used to make such which are used to make such
electronic devices as liquid crystal displays electronic devices as liquid crystal displays
(LCDs). (LCDs).
The compound indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to The compound indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to
make LCDs and this is the largest use of make LCDs and this is the largest use of
indium, accounting for 50% of its annual indium, accounting for 50% of its annual
consumption. consumption.
Indium, as indium phosphide, is used to make Indium, as indium phosphide, is used to make
photovoltaic devices (devices that transform photovoltaic devices (devices that transform
light energy into electricity), semi-conductors, light energy into electricity), semi-conductors,
high-speed transistors, specialized solders and high-speed transistors, specialized solders and
metal alloys. metal alloys.
Indium alloys have been used in control rods Indium alloys have been used in control rods
for nuclear reactors. for nuclear reactors.
Iron Iron
Iron is a metallic element composing about Iron is a metallic element composing about
5 % of the earth’s crust.5 % of the earth’s crust.
When pure, it is dark, silver-grey metal.When pure, it is dark, silver-grey metal.
It is a reactive element and oxidizes very It is a reactive element and oxidizes very
easily. easily.
Iron is one of the three major naturally Iron is one of the three major naturally
occurring metal. occurring metal.
The other two are cobalt and nickel.The other two are cobalt and nickel.
Iron is a metallic element composing about Iron is a metallic element composing about
5 % of the earth’s crust.5 % of the earth’s crust.
When pure, it is dark, silver-grey metal.When pure, it is dark, silver-grey metal.
It is a reactive element and oxidizes very It is a reactive element and oxidizes very
easily. easily.
Iron is one of the three major naturally Iron is one of the three major naturally
occurring metal. occurring metal.
The other two are cobalt and nickel.The other two are cobalt and nickel.
Iron Iron FeFe
Iron ore is used to manufacture steels of Iron ore is used to manufacture steels of
various types and other metallurgical various types and other metallurgical
products, such as magnets, auto parts, products, such as magnets, auto parts,
and catalysts. and catalysts.
The Earth's crust contains about 5% iron.The Earth's crust contains about 5% iron.
Iron is the fourth most abundant element Iron is the fourth most abundant element
in the crust. in the crust.
Iron ore is used to manufacture steels of Iron ore is used to manufacture steels of
various types and other metallurgical various types and other metallurgical
products, such as magnets, auto parts, products, such as magnets, auto parts,
and catalysts. and catalysts.
The Earth's crust contains about 5% iron.The Earth's crust contains about 5% iron.
Iron is the fourth most abundant element Iron is the fourth most abundant element
in the crust. in the crust.
IronIron
Iron is used mainly for making steel.Iron is used mainly for making steel.
The principal ores of iron areThe principal ores of iron are
Hematite, and Magnetite.Hematite, and Magnetite.
It is used in metallurgy products, magnets, It is used in metallurgy products, magnets,
auto-parts and as catalyst. auto-parts and as catalyst.
Iron is essential to animal life and Iron is essential to animal life and
necessary for the health of plants.necessary for the health of plants.
Iron is used mainly for making steel.Iron is used mainly for making steel.
The principal ores of iron areThe principal ores of iron are
Hematite, and Magnetite.Hematite, and Magnetite.
It is used in metallurgy products, magnets, It is used in metallurgy products, magnets,
auto-parts and as catalyst. auto-parts and as catalyst.
Iron is essential to animal life and Iron is essential to animal life and
necessary for the health of plants.necessary for the health of plants.
Lead Lead PbPb
Lead is a very heavy element. It is a soft, Lead is a very heavy element. It is a soft,
blue-grey metallic element. The symbol Pb blue-grey metallic element. The symbol Pb
comes from the Latin word Plumbum comes from the Latin word Plumbum
means used for plumbing.means used for plumbing.
Galena is the ore for lead. Galena is the ore for lead.
Lead is used to safely store radioactive Lead is used to safely store radioactive
materials because it absorbs radiation materials because it absorbs radiation
from the radioactive isotopes. from the radioactive isotopes.
Lead is a very heavy element. It is a soft, Lead is a very heavy element. It is a soft,
blue-grey metallic element. The symbol Pb blue-grey metallic element. The symbol Pb
comes from the Latin word Plumbum comes from the Latin word Plumbum
means used for plumbing.means used for plumbing.
Galena is the ore for lead. Galena is the ore for lead.
Lead is used to safely store radioactive Lead is used to safely store radioactive
materials because it absorbs radiation materials because it absorbs radiation
from the radioactive isotopes. from the radioactive isotopes.
Lead Lead PbPb
In ancient times, water pipes were made In ancient times, water pipes were made
using lead. using lead.
Lead is used in batteries, construction, Lead is used in batteries, construction,
ammunition, television tubes, nuclear ammunition, television tubes, nuclear
shielding, ceramics, weights, and tubes or shielding, ceramics, weights, and tubes or
containers. containers.
The United States is largest producer, The United States is largest producer,
consumer, and recycler of lead metal. consumer, and recycler of lead metal.
In ancient times, water pipes were made In ancient times, water pipes were made
using lead. using lead.
Lead is used in batteries, construction, Lead is used in batteries, construction,
ammunition, television tubes, nuclear ammunition, television tubes, nuclear
shielding, ceramics, weights, and tubes or shielding, ceramics, weights, and tubes or
containers. containers.
The United States is largest producer, The United States is largest producer,
consumer, and recycler of lead metal. consumer, and recycler of lead metal.
Mercury HgMercury Hg
Mercury is the only common metal liquid at Mercury is the only common metal liquid at
ordinary temperature.ordinary temperature.
Mercury is a silvery white metal. It is a Mercury is a silvery white metal. It is a
poor conductor of heat as compared with poor conductor of heat as compared with
other metals. It is a fair conductor of other metals. It is a fair conductor of
electricity.electricity.
It easily forms alloys with many metals and It easily forms alloys with many metals and
form amalgams.form amalgams.
Mercury is the only common metal liquid at Mercury is the only common metal liquid at
ordinary temperature.ordinary temperature.
Mercury is a silvery white metal. It is a Mercury is a silvery white metal. It is a
poor conductor of heat as compared with poor conductor of heat as compared with
other metals. It is a fair conductor of other metals. It is a fair conductor of
electricity.electricity.
It easily forms alloys with many metals and It easily forms alloys with many metals and
form amalgams.form amalgams.
Mercury Mercury HgHg
Mercury is extracted from the mineral Mercury is extracted from the mineral
cinnabar and is used in electrical products, cinnabar and is used in electrical products,
electrolytic production of chlorine and electrolytic production of chlorine and
caustic soda, paint, and industrial and caustic soda, paint, and industrial and
control instruments (thermometers and control instruments (thermometers and
thermostats). thermostats).
It is used for making flasks, thermometers, It is used for making flasks, thermometers,
barometers, diffusion pumps and many barometers, diffusion pumps and many
other instruments.other instruments.
Mercury is extracted from the mineral Mercury is extracted from the mineral
cinnabar and is used in electrical products, cinnabar and is used in electrical products,
electrolytic production of chlorine and electrolytic production of chlorine and
caustic soda, paint, and industrial and caustic soda, paint, and industrial and
control instruments (thermometers and control instruments (thermometers and
thermostats). thermostats).
It is used for making flasks, thermometers, It is used for making flasks, thermometers,
barometers, diffusion pumps and many barometers, diffusion pumps and many
other instruments.other instruments.
Mercury Mercury
It is used in making mercury vapor lamps It is used in making mercury vapor lamps
and advertisement sign boards.and advertisement sign boards.
Mercury is also used making pesticides Mercury is also used making pesticides
and mercury switches and other electronic and mercury switches and other electronic
instruments.instruments.
It is used for making mercury cells for It is used for making mercury cells for
caustic soda and chlorine production, caustic soda and chlorine production,
dentistry and in anti-fouling paints. dentistry and in anti-fouling paints.
It is used in making mercury vapor lamps It is used in making mercury vapor lamps
and advertisement sign boards.and advertisement sign boards.
Mercury is also used making pesticides Mercury is also used making pesticides
and mercury switches and other electronic and mercury switches and other electronic
instruments.instruments.
It is used for making mercury cells for It is used for making mercury cells for
caustic soda and chlorine production, caustic soda and chlorine production,
dentistry and in anti-fouling paints. dentistry and in anti-fouling paints.
Nickel Nickel NiNi
Nickel is a silvery-shiny metallic element.Nickel is a silvery-shiny metallic element.
It can be hammered into thin sheets.It can be hammered into thin sheets.
Nickel, iron and cobalt are the only three Nickel, iron and cobalt are the only three
elements known to be Ferro-magnetic. Of elements known to be Ferro-magnetic. Of
these, nickel is least magnetic.these, nickel is least magnetic.
It was discovered in 1751 at Sweden.It was discovered in 1751 at Sweden.
It was named after the mineral name of It was named after the mineral name of
Niccolite. Niccolite.
Nickel is a silvery-shiny metallic element.Nickel is a silvery-shiny metallic element.
It can be hammered into thin sheets.It can be hammered into thin sheets.
Nickel, iron and cobalt are the only three Nickel, iron and cobalt are the only three
elements known to be Ferro-magnetic. Of elements known to be Ferro-magnetic. Of
these, nickel is least magnetic.these, nickel is least magnetic.
It was discovered in 1751 at Sweden.It was discovered in 1751 at Sweden.
It was named after the mineral name of It was named after the mineral name of
Niccolite. Niccolite.
Nickel Nickel NiNi
Nickel is vital as an alloy to stainless steel, Nickel is vital as an alloy to stainless steel,
and it plays a key roll in the chemical and and it plays a key roll in the chemical and
aerospace industries. aerospace industries.
Leading producers are Canada, Norway, Leading producers are Canada, Norway,
and Russia. and Russia.
It is used in making nonferrous alloys, and It is used in making nonferrous alloys, and
as a coating on other metals to resist as a coating on other metals to resist
corrosion.corrosion.
Nickel is vital as an alloy to stainless steel, Nickel is vital as an alloy to stainless steel,
and it plays a key roll in the chemical and and it plays a key roll in the chemical and
aerospace industries. aerospace industries.
Leading producers are Canada, Norway, Leading producers are Canada, Norway,
and Russia. and Russia.
It is used in making nonferrous alloys, and It is used in making nonferrous alloys, and
as a coating on other metals to resist as a coating on other metals to resist
corrosion.corrosion.
NickelNickel
It is used in the production of coins, It is used in the production of coins,
batteries, and as catalysts for certain batteries, and as catalysts for certain
chemical reactions.chemical reactions.
Nickel is added to glass to give a green Nickel is added to glass to give a green
color. color.
Nickel is involved in the transmission of Nickel is involved in the transmission of
genetic code- DNA, RNA, etc.genetic code- DNA, RNA, etc.
It is used in the production of coins, It is used in the production of coins,
batteries, and as catalysts for certain batteries, and as catalysts for certain
chemical reactions.chemical reactions.
Nickel is added to glass to give a green Nickel is added to glass to give a green
color. color.
Nickel is involved in the transmission of Nickel is involved in the transmission of
genetic code- DNA, RNA, etc.genetic code- DNA, RNA, etc.
Platinum Group of Metals(PGM)Platinum Group of Metals(PGM)
PGM's include platinum, palladium, rhodium, PGM's include platinum, palladium, rhodium,
iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. iridium, osmium, and ruthenium.
These elements commonly occur together in These elements commonly occur together in
nature and are among the scarcest of the nature and are among the scarcest of the
metallic elements. metallic elements.
Platinum is a silver-grey metal. Platinum is a silver-grey metal.
It is among the rarest elements in the earth’s It is among the rarest elements in the earth’s
crust.crust.
PGM's include platinum, palladium, rhodium, PGM's include platinum, palladium, rhodium,
iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. iridium, osmium, and ruthenium.
These elements commonly occur together in These elements commonly occur together in
nature and are among the scarcest of the nature and are among the scarcest of the
metallic elements. metallic elements.
Platinum is a silver-grey metal. Platinum is a silver-grey metal.
It is among the rarest elements in the earth’s It is among the rarest elements in the earth’s
crust.crust.
PlatinumPlatinum
As a mineral it occurs in dark silicate rocks As a mineral it occurs in dark silicate rocks
with minerals containing iron and with minerals containing iron and
magnesium. magnesium.
It is both metallic, malleable and ductile.It is both metallic, malleable and ductile.
It was first discovered in Spain in 1735.It was first discovered in Spain in 1735.
Because it is silver-grey in color, it was Because it is silver-grey in color, it was
named after the Spanish word for silver, named after the Spanish word for silver,
Plata.Plata.
As a mineral it occurs in dark silicate rocks As a mineral it occurs in dark silicate rocks
with minerals containing iron and with minerals containing iron and
magnesium. magnesium.
It is both metallic, malleable and ductile.It is both metallic, malleable and ductile.
It was first discovered in Spain in 1735.It was first discovered in Spain in 1735.
Because it is silver-grey in color, it was Because it is silver-grey in color, it was
named after the Spanish word for silver, named after the Spanish word for silver,
Plata.Plata.
PlatinumPlatinum
Geologically, platinum is found in thin Geologically, platinum is found in thin
layers of metal ores called sulphides.layers of metal ores called sulphides.
It is also recovered through recycling.It is also recovered through recycling.
Platinum is used principally in catalytic Platinum is used principally in catalytic
converters for the control of automobile converters for the control of automobile
and industrial plant emissions. and industrial plant emissions.
Geologically, platinum is found in thin Geologically, platinum is found in thin
layers of metal ores called sulphides.layers of metal ores called sulphides.
It is also recovered through recycling.It is also recovered through recycling.
Platinum is used principally in catalytic Platinum is used principally in catalytic
converters for the control of automobile converters for the control of automobile
and industrial plant emissions. and industrial plant emissions.
Platinum Platinum PtPt
Is used in jewelry; Is used in jewelry;
It is also used in catalysts to produce It is also used in catalysts to produce
acids, organic chemicals and acids, organic chemicals and
pharmaceuticals. pharmaceuticals.
Platinum plays a role in dental alloys and Platinum plays a role in dental alloys and
used for making crowns and bridges.used for making crowns and bridges.
Is used in jewelry; Is used in jewelry;
It is also used in catalysts to produce It is also used in catalysts to produce
acids, organic chemicals and acids, organic chemicals and
pharmaceuticals. pharmaceuticals.
Platinum plays a role in dental alloys and Platinum plays a role in dental alloys and
used for making crowns and bridges.used for making crowns and bridges.
Palladium Palladium PdPd
Palladium is a steel-white metal. It does not Palladium is a steel-white metal. It does not
tarsnish in air. It is the least dense and has the tarsnish in air. It is the least dense and has the
lowest melting point than Platinum. lowest melting point than Platinum.
It is easily attacked by nitric and sulfuric acids.It is easily attacked by nitric and sulfuric acids.
It absorbs 900 times its volume of hydrogen It absorbs 900 times its volume of hydrogen
forming Pd2H.forming Pd2H.
Palladium is a good catalyst. Palladium is a good catalyst.
It is mainly used in hydrogenation and It is mainly used in hydrogenation and
dehydrogenation reactions.dehydrogenation reactions.
Palladium is a steel-white metal. It does not Palladium is a steel-white metal. It does not
tarsnish in air. It is the least dense and has the tarsnish in air. It is the least dense and has the
lowest melting point than Platinum. lowest melting point than Platinum.
It is easily attacked by nitric and sulfuric acids.It is easily attacked by nitric and sulfuric acids.
It absorbs 900 times its volume of hydrogen It absorbs 900 times its volume of hydrogen
forming Pd2H.forming Pd2H.
Palladium is a good catalyst. Palladium is a good catalyst.
It is mainly used in hydrogenation and It is mainly used in hydrogenation and
dehydrogenation reactions.dehydrogenation reactions.
PalladiumPalladium
White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized
by the addition of Palladium.by the addition of Palladium.
Palladium can be beaten into very thin Palladium can be beaten into very thin
leaves.leaves.
It is also used in dentistry, watch-making, It is also used in dentistry, watch-making,
and also in making surgical instruments. and also in making surgical instruments.
White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized
by the addition of Palladium.by the addition of Palladium.
Palladium can be beaten into very thin Palladium can be beaten into very thin
leaves.leaves.
It is also used in dentistry, watch-making, It is also used in dentistry, watch-making,
and also in making surgical instruments. and also in making surgical instruments.
Rhodium Rhodium (Rh, Pt)(Rh, Pt)
Rhodium was discovered in 1803 from a Rhodium was discovered in 1803 from a
crude platinum ore from South America.crude platinum ore from South America.
It is a silvery white metal and under red It is a silvery white metal and under red
hot conditions it changes slowly into hot conditions it changes slowly into
resquioxide in air. And at higher resquioxide in air. And at higher
temperature, it converts back to the temperature, it converts back to the
element. It has a higher melting point element. It has a higher melting point
and lower density than platinum. It is and lower density than platinum. It is
highly reflective, hard and durable.highly reflective, hard and durable.
Rhodium was discovered in 1803 from a Rhodium was discovered in 1803 from a
crude platinum ore from South America.crude platinum ore from South America.
It is a silvery white metal and under red It is a silvery white metal and under red
hot conditions it changes slowly into hot conditions it changes slowly into
resquioxide in air. And at higher resquioxide in air. And at higher
temperature, it converts back to the temperature, it converts back to the
element. It has a higher melting point element. It has a higher melting point
and lower density than platinum. It is and lower density than platinum. It is
highly reflective, hard and durable.highly reflective, hard and durable.
RhodiumRhodium
It is an alloying agent to harden Platinum It is an alloying agent to harden Platinum
and Palladium.and Palladium.
It is used in furnace windings, thermo-It is used in furnace windings, thermo-
coupling elements, glass fibre production, coupling elements, glass fibre production,
electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and
laboratory crucibles. laboratory crucibles.
It is also used in jewlery, for decoration It is also used in jewlery, for decoration
and as a catalyst.and as a catalyst.
It is an alloying agent to harden Platinum It is an alloying agent to harden Platinum
and Palladium.and Palladium.
It is used in furnace windings, thermo-It is used in furnace windings, thermo-
coupling elements, glass fibre production, coupling elements, glass fibre production,
electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and
laboratory crucibles. laboratory crucibles.
It is also used in jewlery, for decoration It is also used in jewlery, for decoration
and as a catalyst.and as a catalyst.
Iridium Iridium (Ir, Os, Ru)(Ir, Os, Ru)
Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77,
and is represented by the symbol Ir. and is represented by the symbol Ir.
It is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the It is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the
platinum family. platinum family.
Iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium).Iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium).
It is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at It is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at
temperatures as high as 2000 °C. temperatures as high as 2000 °C.
Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble
impurities in natural platinum.impurities in natural platinum.
It was named after the goddess Iris for her personification It was named after the goddess Iris for her personification
of the rainbow. of the rainbow.
Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77,
and is represented by the symbol Ir. and is represented by the symbol Ir.
It is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the It is a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the
platinum family. platinum family.
Iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium).Iridium is the second-densest element (after osmium).
It is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at It is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at
temperatures as high as 2000 °C. temperatures as high as 2000 °C.
Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble Iridium was discovered in 1803 among insoluble
impurities in natural platinum.impurities in natural platinum.
It was named after the goddess Iris for her personification It was named after the goddess Iris for her personification
of the rainbow. of the rainbow.
Iridium is one of the least abundant elements in Iridium is one of the least abundant elements in
the Earth's crust, having an average mass the Earth's crust, having an average mass
fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock.fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock.
Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined
element or in natural alloys; especially the element or in natural alloys; especially the
iridium–osmium alloys, osmiridium (osmium iridium–osmium alloys, osmiridium (osmium
rich), and iridiosmium (iridium rich).rich), and iridiosmium (iridium rich).
Within the Earth's crust, iridium is found at Within the Earth's crust, iridium is found at
highest concentrations in three types of geologic highest concentrations in three types of geologic
structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions
from below), impact craters, and deposits from below), impact craters, and deposits
reworked from one of the former structures. reworked from one of the former structures.
Iridium is one of the least abundant elements in Iridium is one of the least abundant elements in
the Earth's crust, having an average mass the Earth's crust, having an average mass
fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock.fraction of 0.001 ppm in crustal rock.
Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined Iridium is found in nature as an uncombined
element or in natural alloys; especially the element or in natural alloys; especially the
iridium–osmium alloys, osmiridium (osmium iridium–osmium alloys, osmiridium (osmium
rich), and iridiosmium (iridium rich).rich), and iridiosmium (iridium rich).
Within the Earth's crust, iridium is found at Within the Earth's crust, iridium is found at
highest concentrations in three types of geologic highest concentrations in three types of geologic
structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions structure: igneous deposits (crustal intrusions
from below), impact craters, and deposits from below), impact craters, and deposits
reworked from one of the former structures. reworked from one of the former structures.
Iridium has many industrial and medical applications.Iridium has many industrial and medical applications.
The Corrosion and heat resistance makes iridium an The Corrosion and heat resistance makes iridium an
important alloying agent.important alloying agent.
Devices that must withstand extremely high Devices that must withstand extremely high
temperatures are often made from iridium. For example, temperatures are often made from iridium. For example,
high-temperature crucibles are made of iridium. high-temperature crucibles are made of iridium.
Iridium compounds are used as catalysts in the Cativa Iridium compounds are used as catalysts in the Cativa
process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic
acid. acid.
The pigment The pigment iridium blackiridium black, which consists of very finely , which consists of very finely
divided iridium, is used for painting porcelain with an divided iridium, is used for painting porcelain with an
intense black color. intense black color.
Iridium has many industrial and medical applications.Iridium has many industrial and medical applications.
The Corrosion and heat resistance makes iridium an The Corrosion and heat resistance makes iridium an
important alloying agent.important alloying agent.
Devices that must withstand extremely high Devices that must withstand extremely high
temperatures are often made from iridium. For example, temperatures are often made from iridium. For example,
high-temperature crucibles are made of iridium. high-temperature crucibles are made of iridium.
Iridium compounds are used as catalysts in the Cativa Iridium compounds are used as catalysts in the Cativa
process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic
acid. acid.
The pigment The pigment iridium blackiridium black, which consists of very finely , which consists of very finely
divided iridium, is used for painting porcelain with an divided iridium, is used for painting porcelain with an
intense black color. intense black color.
Iridium–osmium alloys were used to tip Iridium–osmium alloys were used to tip
fountain pen nibs. fountain pen nibs.
The first major use of iridium was in 1834 The first major use of iridium was in 1834
in nibs mounted on gold. in nibs mounted on gold.
Since 1944, the famous Parker 51 Since 1944, the famous Parker 51
fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by
a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8% a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8%
iridium). iridium).
An iridium–platinum alloy was used for the An iridium–platinum alloy was used for the
touch holes or vent pieces of cannon.touch holes or vent pieces of cannon.
Iridium–osmium alloys were used to tip Iridium–osmium alloys were used to tip
fountain pen nibs. fountain pen nibs.
The first major use of iridium was in 1834 The first major use of iridium was in 1834
in nibs mounted on gold. in nibs mounted on gold.
Since 1944, the famous Parker 51 Since 1944, the famous Parker 51
fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by
a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8% a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8%
iridium). iridium).
An iridium–platinum alloy was used for the An iridium–platinum alloy was used for the
touch holes or vent pieces of cannon.touch holes or vent pieces of cannon.
Silver Silver AgAg
Silver has been known and used since Silver has been known and used since
ancient times. It was used as currency. ancient times. It was used as currency.
It is highly priced metal due to its beauty It is highly priced metal due to its beauty
and usefulness. It is soft and malleable.and usefulness. It is soft and malleable.
It has a bright metallic luster. In nature it It has a bright metallic luster. In nature it
occurs as thin sheets and long wires.occurs as thin sheets and long wires.
The ore mineral of silver is Argentite, The ore mineral of silver is Argentite,
which is a silver sulphide. which is a silver sulphide.
Silver has been known and used since Silver has been known and used since
ancient times. It was used as currency. ancient times. It was used as currency.
It is highly priced metal due to its beauty It is highly priced metal due to its beauty
and usefulness. It is soft and malleable.and usefulness. It is soft and malleable.
It has a bright metallic luster. In nature it It has a bright metallic luster. In nature it
occurs as thin sheets and long wires.occurs as thin sheets and long wires.
The ore mineral of silver is Argentite, The ore mineral of silver is Argentite,
which is a silver sulphide. which is a silver sulphide.
Silver Silver AgAg
Used in photography and jewelry. Used in photography and jewelry.
It is used in electronics, because of its It is used in electronics, because of its
very high conductivity.very high conductivity.
It was used as a currency - generally in It was used as a currency - generally in
some form of an alloy, some form of an alloy,
in lining vats and other equipment for in lining vats and other equipment for
chemical reaction vessels and water chemical reaction vessels and water
distillation units.distillation units.
Used in photography and jewelry. Used in photography and jewelry.
It is used in electronics, because of its It is used in electronics, because of its
very high conductivity.very high conductivity.
It was used as a currency - generally in It was used as a currency - generally in
some form of an alloy, some form of an alloy,
in lining vats and other equipment for in lining vats and other equipment for
chemical reaction vessels and water chemical reaction vessels and water
distillation units.distillation units.
Silver is also used as a Silver is also used as a
catalyst in manufacture of ethylene, catalyst in manufacture of ethylene,
mirrors, electric conductors, batteries, mirrors, electric conductors, batteries,
silver plating, table cutlery, dental, silver plating, table cutlery, dental,
medical, and scientific equipment, medical, and scientific equipment,
electrical contacts, bearing metal, magnet electrical contacts, bearing metal, magnet
windings, brazing alloys, solder. windings, brazing alloys, solder.
Silver is mined in approximately 56 Silver is mined in approximately 56
countriescountries
catalyst in manufacture of ethylene, catalyst in manufacture of ethylene,
mirrors, electric conductors, batteries, mirrors, electric conductors, batteries,
silver plating, table cutlery, dental, silver plating, table cutlery, dental,
medical, and scientific equipment, medical, and scientific equipment,
electrical contacts, bearing metal, magnet electrical contacts, bearing metal, magnet
windings, brazing alloys, solder. windings, brazing alloys, solder.
Silver is mined in approximately 56 Silver is mined in approximately 56
countriescountries
Tellurium Tellurium TeTe
Tellurium is a metallic, silvery-white Tellurium is a metallic, silvery-white
element. element.
Some even describe its appearance as Some even describe its appearance as
"very metallic." "very metallic."
It was discovered in 1783 by Baron Franz It was discovered in 1783 by Baron Franz
Joseph of Romania.Joseph of Romania.
Tellurium is a metallic, silvery-white Tellurium is a metallic, silvery-white
element. element.
Some even describe its appearance as Some even describe its appearance as
"very metallic." "very metallic."
It was discovered in 1783 by Baron Franz It was discovered in 1783 by Baron Franz
Joseph of Romania.Joseph of Romania.
TelluriumTellurium
Tellurium is very brittle and easily Tellurium is very brittle and easily
pulverized. pulverized.
It does not react with air or water. It does not react with air or water.
As a commodity, tellurium is used in As a commodity, tellurium is used in
industry as pure tellurium metal, tellurium industry as pure tellurium metal, tellurium
dioxide (TeOdioxide (TeO
22), and alloyed (that is, mixed) ), and alloyed (that is, mixed)
with other metals. with other metals.
Tellurium is very brittle and easily Tellurium is very brittle and easily
pulverized. pulverized.
It does not react with air or water. It does not react with air or water.
As a commodity, tellurium is used in As a commodity, tellurium is used in
industry as pure tellurium metal, tellurium industry as pure tellurium metal, tellurium
dioxide (TeOdioxide (TeO
22), and alloyed (that is, mixed) ), and alloyed (that is, mixed)
with other metals. with other metals.
TelluriumTellurium
Tellurium has no known benefit to Tellurium has no known benefit to
humans. humans.
It does have a strange effect on humans, It does have a strange effect on humans,
though. though.
When tellurium is ingested, even in very When tellurium is ingested, even in very
small amounts, it causes very bad, garlic-small amounts, it causes very bad, garlic-
smelling breath and body odor. smelling breath and body odor.
Tellurium has no known benefit to Tellurium has no known benefit to
humans. humans.
It does have a strange effect on humans, It does have a strange effect on humans,
though. though.
When tellurium is ingested, even in very When tellurium is ingested, even in very
small amounts, it causes very bad, garlic-small amounts, it causes very bad, garlic-
smelling breath and body odor. smelling breath and body odor.
Tellurium Tellurium
Tellurium is added to selenium-based Tellurium is added to selenium-based
photoreceptors to broaden the spectral photoreceptors to broaden the spectral
range of copiers. range of copiers.
Tellurium is also used in other electronic Tellurium is also used in other electronic
applications, and in the production of applications, and in the production of
blasting caps for explosives.blasting caps for explosives.
Tellurium is added to selenium-based Tellurium is added to selenium-based
photoreceptors to broaden the spectral photoreceptors to broaden the spectral
range of copiers. range of copiers.
Tellurium is also used in other electronic Tellurium is also used in other electronic
applications, and in the production of applications, and in the production of
blasting caps for explosives.blasting caps for explosives.
Tellurium Tellurium
There are a very small number of tellurium There are a very small number of tellurium
minerals occurring on earth. minerals occurring on earth.
It combines with oxygen to form tellurite, It combines with oxygen to form tellurite,
and with gold and silver to form sylvanite and with gold and silver to form sylvanite
(Au,Ag)Te(Au,Ag)Te
22..
The most common gold telluride mineral is The most common gold telluride mineral is
called calaverite(AuTecalled calaverite(AuTe
22). ).
There are a very small number of tellurium There are a very small number of tellurium
minerals occurring on earth. minerals occurring on earth.
It combines with oxygen to form tellurite, It combines with oxygen to form tellurite,
and with gold and silver to form sylvanite and with gold and silver to form sylvanite
(Au,Ag)Te(Au,Ag)Te
22..
The most common gold telluride mineral is The most common gold telluride mineral is
called calaverite(AuTecalled calaverite(AuTe
22). ).
Tin Tin SnSn
Tin is a soft, silvery white metal with a Tin is a soft, silvery white metal with a
highly crystalline structure.highly crystalline structure.
It is highly malleable and ductile.It is highly malleable and ductile.
When a bar of tin is bent, a cracking When a bar of tin is bent, a cracking
sound is emitted, which is caused by the sound is emitted, which is caused by the
friction of tin crystals.friction of tin crystals.
Tin exists in nature as ten stable isotopes.Tin exists in nature as ten stable isotopes.
Tin is a soft, silvery white metal with a Tin is a soft, silvery white metal with a
highly crystalline structure.highly crystalline structure.
It is highly malleable and ductile.It is highly malleable and ductile.
When a bar of tin is bent, a cracking When a bar of tin is bent, a cracking
sound is emitted, which is caused by the sound is emitted, which is caused by the
friction of tin crystals.friction of tin crystals.
Tin exists in nature as ten stable isotopes.Tin exists in nature as ten stable isotopes.
Tin Tin SnSn
The principal ore of tin is cassiterite.The principal ore of tin is cassiterite.
Tin is used in the manufacture of cans and Tin is used in the manufacture of cans and
containers, electrical equipment, and containers, electrical equipment, and
chemicals. chemicals.
The major uses were as follows: The major uses were as follows:
electrical, 28%; cans and containers, 19%; electrical, 28%; cans and containers, 19%;
construction, 13%; transportation, 12%; construction, 13%; transportation, 12%;
and other, 28%. and other, 28%.
The principal ore of tin is cassiterite.The principal ore of tin is cassiterite.
Tin is used in the manufacture of cans and Tin is used in the manufacture of cans and
containers, electrical equipment, and containers, electrical equipment, and
chemicals. chemicals.
The major uses were as follows: The major uses were as follows:
electrical, 28%; cans and containers, 19%; electrical, 28%; cans and containers, 19%;
construction, 13%; transportation, 12%; construction, 13%; transportation, 12%;
and other, 28%. and other, 28%.
Titanium Titanium TiTi
Titanium is a strong lightweight metal often used Titanium is a strong lightweight metal often used
in airplanes. in airplanes.
When titanium combines with oxygen, it forms When titanium combines with oxygen, it forms
titanium dioxide (TiO2), a brilliant white pigment titanium dioxide (TiO2), a brilliant white pigment
used in paint, paper, and plastics. used in paint, paper, and plastics.
Major deposits of titanium minerals are found in Major deposits of titanium minerals are found in
Australia, Canada, India, Norway, South Africa, Australia, Canada, India, Norway, South Africa,
Ukraine, and the United States.Ukraine, and the United States.
Titanium is a strong lightweight metal often used Titanium is a strong lightweight metal often used
in airplanes. in airplanes.
When titanium combines with oxygen, it forms When titanium combines with oxygen, it forms
titanium dioxide (TiO2), a brilliant white pigment titanium dioxide (TiO2), a brilliant white pigment
used in paint, paper, and plastics. used in paint, paper, and plastics.
Major deposits of titanium minerals are found in Major deposits of titanium minerals are found in
Australia, Canada, India, Norway, South Africa, Australia, Canada, India, Norway, South Africa,
Ukraine, and the United States.Ukraine, and the United States.
Zinc Zinc ZnZn
Zinc is a blue-grey metallic element. Zinc is a blue-grey metallic element.
At room temperature it is brittle and at 100 At room temperature it is brittle and at 100
deg.C it becomes malleable.deg.C it becomes malleable.
It is a moderately good conductor of It is a moderately good conductor of
electricity.electricity.
It is resistant to corrosion in air or water.It is resistant to corrosion in air or water.
It is recovered from a number of minerals.It is recovered from a number of minerals.
Zinc is a blue-grey metallic element. Zinc is a blue-grey metallic element.
At room temperature it is brittle and at 100 At room temperature it is brittle and at 100
deg.C it becomes malleable.deg.C it becomes malleable.
It is a moderately good conductor of It is a moderately good conductor of
electricity.electricity.
It is resistant to corrosion in air or water.It is resistant to corrosion in air or water.
It is recovered from a number of minerals.It is recovered from a number of minerals.
Uses of Zinc Uses of Zinc
Zinc is non-reactive in air and water.Zinc is non-reactive in air and water.
It is applied in thin layers to iron and steel It is applied in thin layers to iron and steel
products that need to be protected from products that need to be protected from
rusting.rusting.
As an alloying metal with copper, it is used As an alloying metal with copper, it is used
to make brass, and to make brass, and
Zinc is non-reactive in air and water.Zinc is non-reactive in air and water.
It is applied in thin layers to iron and steel It is applied in thin layers to iron and steel
products that need to be protected from products that need to be protected from
rusting.rusting.
As an alloying metal with copper, it is used As an alloying metal with copper, it is used
to make brass, and to make brass, and
Zinc Zinc ZnZn
Zinc is used as chemical compounds in Zinc is used as chemical compounds in
rubber and paints. rubber and paints.
Zinc is used as sheet zinc and for Zinc is used as sheet zinc and for
galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal
spraying, automotive parts, electrical spraying, automotive parts, electrical
fuses, anodes, dry cell batteries and as fuses, anodes, dry cell batteries and as
fungicides.fungicides.
Zinc is used as chemical compounds in Zinc is used as chemical compounds in
rubber and paints. rubber and paints.
Zinc is used as sheet zinc and for Zinc is used as sheet zinc and for
galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal
spraying, automotive parts, electrical spraying, automotive parts, electrical
fuses, anodes, dry cell batteries and as fuses, anodes, dry cell batteries and as
fungicides.fungicides.
Zinc is also used in Zinc is also used in
chemicals, roof gutters, engravers' plates, chemicals, roof gutters, engravers' plates,
cable wrappings, organ pipes, in mints, cable wrappings, organ pipes, in mints,
as sacrificial anodes used to protect ship as sacrificial anodes used to protect ship
hulls from galvanic action, hulls from galvanic action,
in catalysts, in fluxes, in phosphors, and in catalysts, in fluxes, in phosphors, and
in additives to lubricating oils and greases. in additives to lubricating oils and greases.
chemicals, roof gutters, engravers' plates, chemicals, roof gutters, engravers' plates,
cable wrappings, organ pipes, in mints, cable wrappings, organ pipes, in mints,
as sacrificial anodes used to protect ship as sacrificial anodes used to protect ship
hulls from galvanic action, hulls from galvanic action,
in catalysts, in fluxes, in phosphors, and in catalysts, in fluxes, in phosphors, and
in additives to lubricating oils and greases. in additives to lubricating oils and greases.
Zinc oxide Zinc oxide
Is used in medicine, in paints, as an Is used in medicine, in paints, as an
activator and accelerator in vulcanizing activator and accelerator in vulcanizing
rubber, as an electrostatic and rubber, as an electrostatic and
photoconductive agent in photocopying. photoconductive agent in photocopying.
Is used in medicine, in paints, as an Is used in medicine, in paints, as an
activator and accelerator in vulcanizing activator and accelerator in vulcanizing
rubber, as an electrostatic and rubber, as an electrostatic and
photoconductive agent in photocopying. photoconductive agent in photocopying.
B. Metals and their alloysB. Metals and their alloys
The Metals and their alloys and the The Metals and their alloys and the
Nonmetals belong to this group. Nonmetals belong to this group.
Metal alloys are minerals that are Metal alloys are minerals that are
composed of combinations of composed of combinations of
different metals in one mineral.different metals in one mineral.
The Metals and their alloys and the The Metals and their alloys and the
Nonmetals belong to this group. Nonmetals belong to this group.
Metal alloys are minerals that are Metal alloys are minerals that are
composed of combinations of composed of combinations of
different metals in one mineral.different metals in one mineral.
C. NON-METALS C. NON-METALS
Like sulphur, carbon, siliconLike sulphur, carbon, silicon
Are solids, brittle, often transparent to Are solids, brittle, often transparent to
light-radiation, are poor conductors for light-radiation, are poor conductors for
heat and electricity.heat and electricity.
They play the negative or acid part in a They play the negative or acid part in a
simple compound. simple compound.
Like sulphur, carbon, siliconLike sulphur, carbon, silicon
Are solids, brittle, often transparent to Are solids, brittle, often transparent to
light-radiation, are poor conductors for light-radiation, are poor conductors for
heat and electricity.heat and electricity.
They play the negative or acid part in a They play the negative or acid part in a
simple compound. simple compound.
D. SEMI-METALSD. SEMI-METALS
Are also called as metalloidsAre also called as metalloids
Which have physical characteristics of Which have physical characteristics of
metals to a lesser degree ( eg. More or metals to a lesser degree ( eg. More or
less brittle type)less brittle type)
Are also called as metalloidsAre also called as metalloids
Which have physical characteristics of Which have physical characteristics of
metals to a lesser degree ( eg. More or metals to a lesser degree ( eg. More or
less brittle type)less brittle type)
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
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