UTILITIES GROUP 1000000000000000000.pptx

A presentation on engineering utilities

1. Basic principles in basic conveying system GROUP 10 - ROM – SAMPAN – TAY – TUGONON - USMAN

2. What is conveying system? A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are specifically useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. In most buildings, these systems include passenger and freight elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving ramps and walkways, and lifts for people and wheelchairs.

3. What is conveying system?

4. What is conveying system? Business and industrial operations may require specially designed material handling equipment (i.e., conveyors, chutes, and pneumatic tube systems), hoists, cranes, and scaffolding. Facilities on large sites may have monorails and other types of people movers.

5. Main elements of a conveyor Conveyor Drive Conveyor drive unit allows the system to move. The drive is the part of the conveyor which powers the conveyor. It can refer to the motor or the assembly which mounts the motor to the conveyor (also known as the drive assembly). The unit contains a counter bearing that keeps the parts moving efficiently. This unit also allows for the belt to move in reverse and manage the repeated adjustments in direction for some systems. Some conveyor systems are manually operated. These systems still use a drive unit; however, it is not motorized. Conveyor drives account for 10 to 30 percent of the total cost of the conveyor system, depending on the specific job requirements. They may either be of fixed-speed or adjustable-speed type.

6. Conveyor drive Fixed- Speed Drives - used when the initially chosen conveyor speed does not require change during the course of normal operation Simple sheave or sprocket changes suffice should minor speed alterations be needed. However, for major adjustments motor or speed- reducer changes are required. In any event, the conveyor must be shut down while the speed change is made.

7. Conveyor drive Adjustable-Speed Drives- designed for changing speed either manually or automatically while the conveyor is in operation, to meet variations in processing requirements.

8. Drive assemblies There a three main types of drive assemblies, they are, i n the order of most to least common: End Drive, Center Drive and Internal Drive.

9. Drive assemblies End Drive Conveyors An end drive is exactly as it sounds, the drive assembly is located at one of the conveyor’s ends. The motor powers one of the end rollers on conveyor. Ideally, the drive is located at the discharge end of the conveyor, so that it is pulling the belt or chain over the pulley. In some instances, when the conveyor design has been reviewed and approved by a qualified engineer, the drive can be placed at the infeed – thus pushing versus pulling the belt or chain over the drive pulley. Either way, this drive style is also referred to as a “head drive” - as in the direction the product heads or toward the head of the conveyor.

10. End drive conveyor

11. Drive assemblies Center Drive Conveyors As with an end drive, centers drives are as they sound – located along the center of the conveyor frame. That said this drive type can typically be mounted anywhere along the frame of the conveyor not just in the geometrical center of the conveyor. It should be noted that for it to be a center drive, the motor does not engage either of the conveyor’s end pulleys or rollers. These drives typically consist of three rollers, versus a single roller as used in end drive configurations. The three rollers consist of one drive roller, typically larger in diameter than the other rollers, and then two return rollers (also referred to as snub or idler rollers), located on either side of the drive roller. Because of the need for two idlers and a more complex design, center drives are more expensive than end drive. Center drives are also referred to as mid-mount drives.

12. Center drive conveyors

13. Drive assemblies Internal Drive Conveyors In both previous drive configurations, the motor is mounted externally to the conveyor; and engages with the drive pulley. However, with the 3rd drive assembly option; the internal drive drum motor, the motor inside, or internal to, the drive pulley. Meaning the drive pulley and the motor are one assembly or a single piece – the motor is housed within the pulley. This type of drive is most associated with belt conveyors, although it is possible to use this type of drive with a plastic modular belt conveyor. Internal drive conveyors can have the motorized pulley located at the end or in the center, however the end drive is far more common.

14. Interval drive conveyor

15. Conveyor motor Conveyor Motors for conveyor drices are generally of 240 V and 480 V ratings. The squirrel- cage motor is most commonly used with belt conveyors and with drives up to 7.457 kW (10HP). AC induction motors are ideal for conveyor systems that operate continuously in one direction. For conveyor systems where the load must be held in place or for vertical applications, there are a wide range of AC motors with power-off activated electromagnetic brake.

16. Auxiliary equipment Auxiliary equipment is defined as peripheral equipment that may be an integral part of the extrusion process to improve or optimize the extrusion process efficiency and ease of operation. They are the addition support equipment. For example Elevating conveyors must be equipped with some form of holdback or brake to prevent reversal of travel and subsequent jamming when power is unexpectedly cut off.

17. Control of conveyors Control has been enhanced considerably with the introduction of process control computers and programmable controllers, which can be used to maintain rated capacities to close tolerances. This ability is especially useful if feed to the conveyor tends to be erratic. Through variable-speed drives, outputs can be adjusted automatically for changes in processing conditions.

18. Conveyor systems Some types of conveyor Systems are: 1. Chain Conveyor 7. Belt Conveyor 13. Trolley Conveyor 2. Wheel Conveyor 8. Vibrating Conveyor 14. Bucket Conveyor 3. Screw Conveyor 9. Pneumatic Conveyor 15. Monorail 4. Chute Conveyor 10. Vertical Conveyor 16. Sortation Conveyor 5. Roller Conveyor 11. Cart-on-track Conveyor 17. Power and free Conveyor 6. Slat Conveyor 12. Tow Conveyor

19. Major types of conveyors 1. Chute Conveyor This is one of the least expensive methods of conveying material. It is the simplest example of gravity-operated conveyor. Chute conveyor is used to provide accumulation in shipping areas; a spiral chute can be used to convey items between floors with minimum amount of space required. While the chute conveyors are economical, the main limitation of chute conveyors is the lack of control over the items being conveyed. The packages may tend to shift and turn so that jams and blockages occur.

20. Chute conveyor

21. Major types of conveyors 2. Wheel Conveyor These can be used as pusher units set horizontally or inclined for gravity flow. Uses a series of skate wheels mounted on a shaft (or axle), where spacing of the wheels is dependent on the load being transported. Slope for gravity movement depends on load weight more economical than the roller conveyor for light-duty applications, flexible, and has expandable versions available.

22. Wheel conveyor

23. Major types of conveyors 3. Vibrating Conveyor Consists of a trough, bed, or tube Vibrates at a relatively high frequency and small amplitude in order to convey. Individual units of products or bulk material. Can be used to convey almost all granular, free-flowing materials. An Oscillating Conveyor is similar in construction, but vibrates at a lower frequency and larger amplitude (not as gentle) in order to convey larger objects such as hot castings.

24. Vibrating conveyor

25. Major types of conveyors 4. Roller Conveyor • May be powered (or live) or non powered (or gravity) • Materials must have a rigid riding surface • Minimum of three rollers must support smallest loads at all times • Tapered rollers on curves used to maintain load orientation • Gravity rollers are considerably heavier than the wheels on wheel conveyors. • Non –powered roller conveyors or gravity conveyors are the most economical and common method of conveying unit loads. • As with gravity wheel conveyors, roller units are highly standardized and auxiliary equipment is available for supporting the line from ceiling or floor.

26. Gravity roller conveyor

27. Live (powered) roller

28. Major types of conveyors 5. Chain Conveyor • Uses one or more endless chains on which loads are carried directly parallel chain configuration used to transport pallets • Vertical chain conveyor used for continuous high-frequency vertical transfers (cf. vertical conveyor used for low-frequency intermittent transfers)

29. Chain conveyor

30. Major types of conveyors 6. Slat Conveyor • It consists of endless chains, driven by electric motors operating through reduction gears and sprockets, with attached spaced slats to carry objects that would damage a belt because of sharp edges or heavy weights. Uses discretely spaced slats connected to a chain unit being transported retains its position (like a belt conveyor) Orientation and placement of the load is controlled used for heavy loads or loads that might damage a belt Bottling and canning plants use flat chain or slat conveyors because of wet conditions, temperature, and cleanliness requirements • Tilt slat conveyor sortation.

31. Slat conveyor

32. Major types of conveyors 7. Belt Conveyor Belt conveyors are most commonly used in transportation of bulk materials (grain, ore, sand, etc.) It can travel for miles at speeds up to 5.08 m/s and handle up to 4537 tons/h

33. Belt conveyor Flat Belt Conveyor For transporting light- and medium-weight loads between operations, departments, levels, and buildings When an incline or decline is required It provides considerable control over the orientation and placement of the load. No smooth accumulation, merging, and sorting on the belt The belt is roller or slider bed supported; the slider bed is used for small and irregularly shaped items In 1957, B.F. Goodrich, Co. patented the Möbius strip for conveying hot or abrasive substances in order to have "both" sides wear equally

34. Flat belt conveyor

35. Belt conveyor (b) Magnetic Belt Conveyor A steel belt and either a magnetic slider bed or a magnetic pully is used To transport ferrous materials vertically, upside down, and around corner

36. Magnetic belt conveyor

37. Belt conveyor (c) Troughed Belt Conveyor Used to transport bulk materials When loaded, the belt can forms the shape of the troughed roller sandidler

38. Troughed belt conveyor

39. Major types of conveyors 8. Screw Conveyor Consists of a tube or U-shaped stationary trough through which a shaft-mounted helix revolves to push loose material forward in a horizontal or inclined direction One of the most widely used conveyors in the processing industry Many applications in agricultural and chemical processing

40. Screw conveyor

41. Major types of conveyor 9. Pneumatic Conveyor Can be used for both bulk and unit movement of materials Air pressure is used to convey materials through a system of vertical and horizontal tubes Major advantages are that material is completely enclosed and it is easy to implement turns and vertical moves

42. Pneumatic conveyor (a) Dilute-Phase Pneumatic Conveyor Moves a mixture of air and solid •Push (positive pressure) systems push material from one entry point to several discharge points Pull (negative pressure or vacuum) systems move material from several entry points to one discharge point Push-pull systems are combinations with multiple entry and discharge points

43. Dilute-phase pneumatic conveyor

44. Pneumatic conveyor (b) Carrier-System Pneumatic Conveyor Carriers are used to transport items or paperwork (e.g., money from drive-in stalls at banks)

45. Carrier-system pneumatic conveyor

46. Major types of conveyors 10. Vertical Conveyor Used for low-frequency intermittent vertical transfers (cf. vertical chain conveyor can be used for continuous high-frequency vertical transfers

47. Vertical conveyor (a) Vertical Lift Conveyor Carrier used to raise or lower a load to different levels of a facility (e.g., different floors and/or mezzanines) Differs from a freight elevator in that it is not designed or certified to carry people Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal conveyors

48. Vertical lift conveyor

49. Vertical conveyor (b) Reciprocating Vertical Conveyor Utilizes carrier gravity-actuated to lowering loads, where the load overcomes the magnitude of a counterweight Can only be used to lower a load Alternative to a chute conveyor for vertical "drops" when load is fragile and/or space is limited Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal conveyors

50. Reciprocating vertical conveyor

51. history Manually operated elevators were first used for lifting freight in warehouses and manufacturing plants as early as the 1600s. They began as simple rope or chain hoists that moved an open platform. In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the elevator cab if the cable broke. Otis’s safety device consisted of a knurled roller located below the elevator platform and a governor device that monitored descending speed. The safety device locked when the elevator descended at a higher than normal speed. It was this safety feature that made the elevator a safe conveying system for building occupants, which then made skyscrapers achievable.

52. history

53. elevators A. ELEVATOR TECHNOLOGIES An elevator is a conveying device used to move people or freight vertically, usually between floors of a building. An elevator system consists of a hoisting mechanism that is connected to a car or platform. This car or platform then moves vertically, in most cases, on guides that are attached to the fire-resistant sides of a hoist way.

54. Hoist way door The “HOIST WAY DOOR” is the exterior door that leads from the hallway to the elevator car. There is one hoist way door at every floor served by the elevator (and at every entrance to the elevator, such as a front and rear entrance). The “HOIST WAY DOOR” is also sometimes referred to as a “LANDING DOOR.” Note the hall lanterns between the doors (above sign). The hall station is below the sign.

55. Hoist way door

56. Two basic types of elevators 1. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR Hydraulic elevators use a fluid-driven hydraulic jack to lift the elevator car. It consists of a hydraulic jack (cylinder and plunger); a pump, powered by an electric motor, that increases the pressure in the hydraulic fluid; a control valve between the cylinder and reservoir controls the pressure in the jack; and a fluid reservoir (tank). It operates when the pump draws oil from the reservoir, pressurizes it, pushing the oil through the oil line to the jack, and driving the elevator car upward. A release of fluid through the control valve and back to the reservoir decreases oil pressure, which allows the plunger and connected elevator car to move downward. Hydraulic systems are: • More affordable to install • Less expensive to maintain and repair • Better for transporting heavy loads • Intended for low-rise applications Hydraulic elevators are most often found in buildings that serve up to five stories because they operate at slower speeds than other types of elevators typically 150 ft./min. or less. Another reason for their height limitations is that it takes a lot of energy to raise an elevator cab several stories. To reach high floors with a hydraulic elevator, you would need a longer cylinder and piston.

57. Hydraulic elevator

58. Two basic types of elevators 2. TRACTION ELEVATORS Traction elevators have a drive machine with an electric motor and pulley like (grooved) drive sheave that holds cables that move the elevator car up or down. Uses a counterweight to offset the weight of the cab and occupants. Steel cables, called hoisting ropes, support the elevator and counter weight during normal operation. There are typically three to eight cables for each elevator. Most traction elevators generally use wire ropes that are 1⁄4 to11⁄4 inches (6 to 32 mm) in diameter and are composed of multi strand soft steel wire wound around a hemp or polymeric core. Traditionally, the 8 19 wire rope (eight strands with 19 wires per strand) pattern was used, but this is being replaced with modern patterns. Wire ropes must match the drive sheave perfectly to ensure that they have a long life. The counter weight is a set of steel or iron plates fastened to one end of the hoisting rope that counter balances the car. It is weighted to be equal to the car’s dead weight plus 40 to 50% of car load capacity. The weight of the car and counter weight presses ropes into grooves on a drive sheave. The friction between the hoisting ropes and the drive sheave is used to move the elevator car with the cable.

59. Two basic types of elevators Traction systems are: Uses less energy Serve mid to high raise building Ride smoother Traction elevators are the most common type of elevator. They can be geared or gearless and both types are driven by alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electrical motors. • Geared Elevators - In geared elevators, there is a gearbox attached to the motor that drives the wheel and moves the ropes, Geared machines can reach speeds up to 500 ft./min. These models will have a middle-of-the-road cost in terms of initial investment, maintenance costs and energy consumption. • Gearless Elevators - In gearless traction elevators, the sheave is attached directly to the end of the motor. These models have a high initial cost investment and average maintenance costs. However, gearless traction elevators are more energy efficient than geared traction elevators.

60. Traction elevators

61. Types and design speed for elevators TYPE RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL SPEED Ft/min m/min HYDRAULIC 16 more or less 3 floors or less 6 floors or less Low 100 150 30 45 TRACTION-GEARED 18 more or less 5 floors or less 9 floors or less 18 floors or less Moderate 200 350 500 60 105 135 TRACTION-GEARLESS Over 18 floors 15 floors or less 15 to 25 floors Above 25 floors High 500 700 1000 150 210 305 - Above 75 floors Very High 3500 1080

62. Variation of basic types of elevators Conventional (Holed) Hydraulic Elevator On a conventional (holed) hydraulic elevator, an in ground hydraulic jack lifts the elevator car. A long plunger requires a deep hole below the bottom landing. The hole is usually drilled into the ground and cased with a plastic or metal casing before the building is erected. It is also the most balanced type of hydraulic elevator configuration because the lifting point on the bottom of the elevator car is centered.

63. Conventional (Holed) Hydraulic Elevator

64. Variation of basic types of elevators Hole less Hydraulic Elevator Have one or two jacks situated beside the rails that lift the platform. Because they do not require holes to be dug for the hydraulic jack(s), they are referred to as “hole less”. The dual or twin jack configuration can have two (front and rear) entrances, while the single jack configuration can only have one (front) entrance.

65. Hole less Hydraulic Elevator

66. Variation of basic types of elevators Roped Hydraulic Elevator Use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. They typically consist of a cantilevered car that is lifted by ropes that pass over a sheave (pulley) fastened to the top of a hydraulic plunger. And as the plunger rises, so does the elevator car. However, single rope configuration cannot have rear entrances.

67. Roped Hydraulic Elevator

68. Variation of basic types of elevators Traction Elevators Traction elevators have a drive machine with an electric motor and pulley-like (grooved) drive sheave that holds cables that move the elevator car up or down.

69. Traction Elevators

70. BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM

71. BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ELEVATOR SYSTEM CAR - Also called a cage, is the load-carrying unit, including the frame, enclosure, and car door. PIT - the space at the bottom of the hoist way under the car. MACHINE ROOM – means an enclosed machinery space outside the hoist way of the elevator that contains the electric driving machine or hydraulic machine, and may contain other electrical or mechanical equipment. LANDING - The portion of the floor, balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge passenger of freight. COUNTERWEIGHT - is an added weight that gives balance to the elevator system and makes it simpler to raise and lower the cab, which reduces the effort required by the lifting machine. GUIDE RAIL – is what allows for the safe and precise movement of the car and counterweight. This rail offers a path for the elevator to ascend and descend. IN-GROUND CYLINDER (hydraulic jack) - consists primarily of a cylinder (large pipe) with a plate or disc welded to the bottom, a plunger (similar to a piston), and a ring-shaped jack head with an oil seal. The cylinder may be made of several sections of pipe welded together.

72. Classification of elevators Passenger elevators are designed to carry people and small packages.

73. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEVATORS Freight elevators are used to carry material, goods, equipment, and vehicles, rather than people freight elevators.

74. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEVATORS Dumbwaiters is a small freight elevator used to transport light weight freight such as food, laundry, books, records, and other small items.

75. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEVATORS Man lift is an elevator installed in a variety of structures and locations to provide vertical transportation of authorized personnel and their tools and equipment only.

76. escalators Escalators are inclined, continuous moving stairs and handrails that transport people from one floor to another. They are used where elevators may be impractical but use of stairways may be too slow for the anticipated crowd. Common places they are found are in airports, arenas, convention centers, department stores, hotels, shopping malls, transit systems, and public buildings. Escalators are powered with constant-speed alternating current motors. Maximum inclination of an escalator, from a horizontal surface, is 30 degrees, with a standard rise up to approximately 60 feet. Escalator widths are typically 24, 32 and 40 inches wide. Newer escalators have single pieces of aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop attached to a welded steel truss structural frame.

77. BASIC TYPES OF AN ESCALATOR Step Type Escalator Step-type escalators are stair-like devices that transport passengers up or down a vertical distance. They are also referred to as stepped conveyors or simply “steps”. Step-type escalators are useful when the vertical distance is too great for conventional elevators and people movers to be practical, such as in department stores and shopping malls. They may also be used in mid-rise buildings where elevators would take up too much space or require an excessive number of elevator shafts.

78. Step type escalator

79. BASIC TYPES OF AN ESCALATOR b. Wheelchair-Accessible Escalator Wheelchair-accessible escalators are designed to accommodate wheelchairs and other mobility devices, including walkers, crutches and canes. They are located in high-traffic areas of a facility such as an airport or train station. Wheelchair-accessible escalators have two sets of steps that alternate in direction as they move up or down. This allows passengers using wheelchairs or other mobility devices to move independently up or down the escalator. The steps are wider than standard steps to accommodate larger wheelchairs and scooters.

80. Wheelchair-accessible escalator

81. BASIC TYPES OF AN ESCALATOR c. Spiral Parallel Escalator Spiral Parallel Escalator is another popular type of elevator. This type of escalator is best for long distances. It forces the user to walk properly and cover long distances. Users can easily reach without facing any trouble. There are several places like the mall, stations, and metro where this type of escalator will be ideal always.

82. Spiral parallel escalator

83. BASIC TYPES OF AN ESCALATOR d. Cleat Type Escalator Cleat type escalator is one type of escalator which includes cleated metal and later wood trends. There are some types of the escalator which look like a belt and this type of escalator perfect for up and down smoothly. Using this type of elevator people can up and down very smoothly.

84. Cleat type escalator

85. Basic components of an escalator

86. Basic components of an escalator 1. Balustrade Is the side of an escalator system. It extends above the steps and includes skirt panels, interior panels, decks, and handrails. a. Moving Handrail - provides a handhold that riders use for balance and safety on their ride up or down. The handrail is powered by the same system that powers the steps. It moves along the top of the balustrade in synchronization with the steps. b. Interior Panel - The major panel portion of the Balustrade located immediately below the Moving Handrails, made of glass. c. Deck Board - A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an escalator, which continues in the traveling direction. d. Skirt Guard - The lowest panel within the Balustrade, located immediately below the Inner Deck and adjacent to the Steps at a slight gap from the Steps.

87. Basic components of an escalator 2. Truss Is an assembly of structural steel that serves to support the escalator load. Ends of the truss are attached to top and bottom landing platforms. a. Upper machine Room/Lower Machine Room Control Panel - Controls stop/start operation and also supplies electric power to the Driver Unit. Drive Unit - A unit to drive the escalator, comprised of electric motor, decelerator, Electromagnetic brake, V belt, Sprocket, and other components. Drive Chain - A chain that transmits the Drive Unit’s power to the drive wheel (Sprocket). Upper Sprocket / Lower Sprocket - Drive wheels installed at the upper and lower parts of an escalator. The Upper Sprocket drives the Steps, while the Lower Sprocket turns the Steps.

88. Basic components of an escalator 2. Truss b. Other Truss Parts Main Track - A rail to guide the Driving Rollers. Trailing Track - A rail to guide the Trailing Rollers. Moving Handrail Drive Unit - A device that indirectly drives the Moving Handrail at the same speed as the Steps via the Moving Handrail Drive Chain.

89. Basic components of an escalator 3. Steps (Pallets) Are made from one-piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. They serve as the moving platform on which an escalator passenger rides. Individual steps move up or down on tracks, which keep the topside of the steps (treads) horizontal. Steps are attached to a continuously circulating belt or pallet system. a. Step Tread - The part of the step where a passenger stands. b. Riser - The upright part of a Step. c. Step Demarcation Line - A yellow line along both sides of a Step to demarcate the proper standing area, thereby preventing passengers from coming into contact with the Skirt Guard and stumbling. d. Driving Roller/Trailing Roller - Each step is linked to the Step Chains via the Step shaft and the wheels. The front wheel is called the Driving Roller and the rear wheel is called the Trailing Roller. e. Step Chain - A chain, located on both sides of an escalator, connecting the Steps and driven by the Step Chain Sprocket.

90. Walkways and ramps A moving walkway, also known as an autowalk , moving pavement, moving sidewalk, people-mover, travolator , or travelator, is a slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction. An inclined moving walkway, also called a moving ramp or power ramp, is a moving walkway that transports people on an incline, up to a 12 angle of inclination. Moving walkways are more accessible to those in wheelchairs, as they are usually thought easier to use than getting in and out of small elevators. Moving walks are slow moving, approximately 1.5 mph, or high speed, approximately 9-12 mph, horizontal conveyor belts designed to move people. Moving ramps have a maximum incline of 12 degrees and may move people up or down an inclined area. They may be connected together or used individually.

91. Two types of walkways technologies 1. PALLET-TYPE WALKWAYS Is a continuous series of flat metal plates, called pallets, that are joined together to form a walkway. Usually there is a metal or rubber surface (extra traction). It is the common type of moving walkway today 2. MOVING BELT WALKWAYS Are comprised of a mesh metal or rubber belt with a rubber walking surface that move over metal rollers. Once on the walkway, riders can stand or walk. Some riders complain that the rollers below the belt tend to cause a “bouncy” feel.

92. Components of moving walkways

93. Other systems Wheelchair lifts A wheelchair lift is a powered device designed to raise a wheelchair or scooter and its occupant to overcome a step or similar vertical barrier, usually 6ft (1.8 m) or less. They often are designed to accommodate just one person in a wheelchair or scooter at a time. Commercial lifts are designed to raise a wheelchair or scooter and its occupant up to one story (about 12 ft>4m).

94. Wheelchair lift

95. Other systems Platform lifts A Platform lifts supply access to decks, porches, stages, and elevated surfaces.

96. Platform lifts

97. Other systems Stair lift A stair lift will carry a user safely upstairs. To use a stair lift, the user sits on the lift’s seat; the seat will then transfer the user up or downstairs via a staircase mounted track.

98. Stair lift

99. Other systems Car lift A car lift is installed in small parking garages where ramps are not feasible. The platforms are raised and lowered hydraulically and are connected to steel chain gears. In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180°) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. In selecting lift equipment, the building designer typically relies on specifications available from equipment suppliers.

100. Car lift

101. Other systems People Movers An automated people mover (APM) is a fully automated, grade-separated mass transit system. An APM system typically serves relatively small facilities such as airports, downtown districts, or theme parks, but is sometimes applied to considerably more complex automated systems. It may use technologies such as monorail, duo rail, automated guide way transit, or magnetically levitating (maglev) method.

102. People mover

103. Other systems Material handling Equipment Material-handling equipment is a mechanical device used to move and store materials and goods. This equipment consists of trolleys, conveyors, forklifts, automated storage/retrieval systems, cargo and baggage handlers, carousels, rail-guided vehicles, automated guided vehicles, intelligent flexible modular conveyors, pick-and-place units, and overhead hoists and cranes. In selecting material-handling equipment, the building designer typically relies on specifications available from equipment suppliers.

104. Material handling equipment

105. Other systems Paternoster A paternoster is a special type of elevator consisting of a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only as mall platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multistory industrial plants. Passengers can step on or off at any floor they like. Today, the installation of new paternosters is no longer allowed because of to their inherent danger.

106. paternoster

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