Various TISSUE. In the human body at pptx

Tissues

1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ITS MODIFICATIONS

2. DEFINITION Collection of cells which have similar structure and perform similar function is known as tissue.

3. TYPES OF TISSUES

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Tissue that binds different tissues with each other and support them. Developed from mesoderm. 3 components: Cells Intercellular substance (Ground substance). Fibres

5. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Embryonic: Mesenchymal cells(stem cells). Mucous : Wharton’s Jelly: Umbilical cord.

6. Functions Provide support to various structures of our body Connects different components of our body It is a medium for exchange of nutrients, metabolites and oxygen between blood and cells

7. Components of connective tissue: 3 components: Cells Intercellular ground substance. Fibres.

8. CELLS Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Pigment cells Fat cells Reticular cells

9. Fibroblasts: Most abundant. Active form. Fibrocytes are inactive. Spindle shaped ,central nucleus, multiple processes. Functions: Production of collagen fibres . Wound healing.

10. Macrophages ( Histocytes) Active: Ovoid, Inactive: irregular. Hyperchromatic nucleus. Distribution: Blood: monocytes. Liver: Kupffer’s cells . Lymphoid tissue: reticular cells. Lung alveoli: Alveolar phagocytes . Brain and spinal cord: Microglia . Function: Phagocytose and digest the foreign body.

11. Plasma cells:

12. Mast cells Round with central nucleus. Irregular microvilli (filopodia) on surface. Numerous metachromatic granules in cytoplasm. Present in liver, along blood vessels , mucosa of alimentary tract and respiratory tract . Functions: Produce heparin ; anticoagulant (prevent fibrinogen to fibrin) Produce histamine : Allergic reactions when exposed to antigen.

13. Pigment cells Epidermis of skin, iris, choroid coat of eyeball. Dendritic process. Cytoplasm contain melanosomes which contain melanin pigments. Called melanocytes (neural crest origin). Function: protection of skin from UV rays of sun.

14. Fat cells Known as adipocytes. Spherical, eccentric nucleus. H and E signet ring appearance.

15. Intercellular ground substances Transparent homogenous viscous solution. Fills the space between the cells and fibres. Rich in protein carbohydrate complexes.

16. Function: Provide framework for tissue. Protect and bind connective tissue cells together. Mechanical barrier for free movements of particles. Diffusion of metabolites between capillaries and cells. Storage of water.

17. FIBRES 3 Types: Collagen fibres . Elastic fibres . Reticular fibres .

18. COLLAGEN FIBRES: Main structural protein of connective tissue. Most abundant protein in mammals. Collagen fibres are in bundle which branch (not individual fibre ). H and E stains pink. Made up of tropocollagen and protein collagen. Aminoacid mainly present in glycin . Types of collagen: Bones, tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis. Hyaline cartilage. Smooth muscles of vessels, skin. Basement membrane.

19. Elastic Fibres Run singly, branch and anastomose. Composed of protein- tropo-elastin. Aminoacid : Valine. They can be stretched. Produced by fibroblast and also smooth muscle cells. Elastic cartilage, large arteries.

20. RETICULAR FIBRES Type of collagen III. Form network, branch and anastomose. Supporting network in spleen, lymph node and bonemarrow . Found in basement membrane, nerve fibres and smooth muscles .

21. Connective Tissue Proper: Surrounds blood vessels, nerve bundles, muscles, and organs. It also fills the spaces between organs and connects your skin to your underlying muscle. Strength. Outside bone. Tendons to connect muscles to bones

22. Specialized connective tissue

23. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES Areolar Tissue: Loose connective tissue for considerable mobility. Present in submucous of alimentary tract, subcutaneous tissue .

24. Adipose Tissue Made of adipose cells/ fat cells. Distribution: Superficial fascia: panniculus adiposus Orbit, axilla, ischiorectal fossa, around abdominal organs. Function: Store house of nutrition Cushion (ischiorectal fossa) Conserves body heat. Contour of human body.

25. Mucoid tissue Embryonic connective tissue. Seen in umbilical cord.

26. FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Hold structures together. Facilitate movement between structures. (ex: Areolar tissue). Covering of deep structures. (Deep fascia) Stability of joints. (Ligaments) Muscle action (Tendon) Support brain and spinal cord. ( Duramater ) Store of nutrition. (Adipose tissue) Immunity (Macrophages and plasma cells) Wound repair. (collagen fibres )

27. APPLIED Collagen disorders: Osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Scleroderma Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) Churg-Strauss syndrome Lupus Microscopic polyangiitis Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

28. THE END