vegetable cultivation under open and protected environment

different techniques of raising vegetable nursery under open and protected conditions.

1. Vegetable Cultivation Under Open And Protected Environment ( ELM-429) Submitted By: Amritpal Singh Roll no: 1710012616 B.Sc. Agriculture (Hons.) sem 7th

2. INTRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE s A vegetable is a pot herb that is may be annual, biennial and perennial which is used for cooking purpose and also eaten raw (salad). Classification of vegetables: Root vegetables: carrot, radish Stem vegetables: asparagus, kohlrabi Tubers vegetables: Potatoes Leafy vegetables: Spinach, lettuce Seed vegetable: Peas, Beans Vegetables are good sources of vitamins, minerals, irons and also rich in dietary fibres, antioxidants and anticancer properties . Acc to ICMR, each person should consume 300 g vegetables per day.

3. Protected cultivation Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique where in the micro climate surroundings the plant body is controlled partially/ fully as per the requirement of the plant species grown during their period of growth. Protected cultivation ensures: Conservation of soil moisture Efficient use of energy mainly solar energy Potential crops for protected cultivation Greenhouse technology is More suitable to vegetables crops (such as tomato, capsicum, cucumber , etc .) Flowers (like rose, gerbera, carnation etc.) and nursery for all vegetable crops, because of their small life span.

4. Types of protected structures

5. Types of Polyhouse based on shape Lean to type Ridge and furrow Saw tooth type Quonset type Even span type Uneven span type

6. Factor Affecting Crop Production LIGHT TEMPERATURE RELATIVE HUMIDITY CARBON DIOXIDE VENTILATION

7. Salient Features Of Low Cost Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse Double door Side vent Top vent Shade net Foggers Drip irrigation

8. SITE SELECTION AND ORIENTATION OF POLYHOUSE Site selection is according to :- Near the market Good quality and well drained soil Permanent water source and labour available Orientation is according to :- The door of the polyhouse should be towards east or west side so that maximum sun radiations fall on the polyhouse from southern side. Direction of polyhouse should be parallel to wind in order to avoid the damage from high wind velocity. The distance of trees adjacent to the greenhouse should be about 2.5 times the height of the greenhouse, to avoid shade

9. SELCTION OF CROP VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS Varieties Suitable For Protected Environment In Determinate type Exotic Vegetable: Exotic vegetables have very high market value and high market price in India therefore they are commercially cultivated mostly in poly-houses or green shade net houses . HYBRIDS It is result of cross-Pollination of two different plant grown from Two different seeds Hybrids have high yielding capacity,
Early maturity .
Disease and pest resistance.
Better keeping quality .

10. Acquaintance with nursery raising structures Mist growth chamber Fixed poly tunnels Underground trench Hi-tech nursery Naturally ventilated polyhouse

11. Field And Bed Preparation In Polyhouse And Open Field Before Transplanting TYPES OF BEDS Flat bed Raised bed Sunken bed STEPS OF FIELD PREPARATION Site selection Soil preparation: tillage( 2-3 hoeing, mix well rotten fym) Soil treatment: 2% sol of formalin Nursery bed preparation Size of bed: 1m width, 15-20cm height and 60cm pathway

12. Soilless-media For Nursery Raising Cocopeat: It is by product of coconut husk. Cocopeat is best for providing aeration . Perlite: It is grey-white silicacious material of volcanic origin It is neutral in pH. It holds moisture and nutrients. Vermiculite: This is a micaceous mineral. Chemically it is a hydrated magnesium– aluminum iron silicate. It has good ability to supply P & K. coco peat vermiculite Perlite

13. Hydroponics and Aeroponics Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or, in addition, the roots may be physically supported by an inert medium such as perlite, gravel, or other substrates. Aerponics: The nutrient solution is sprayed in fine mist form to the roots. Technique is able to produce large numbers of mini tubers in one generation, thus, eliminating the need for more field multiplications thereby reducing costs and saving time. An individual potato plant can produce over 100 mini tubers in a single row (Otazu, 2008) as opposed to conventional method that create approximately 8 daughter tubers only in the course of a year while only 5–6 tubers per plant are produced using soil in the greenhouse in 90 days. Hydroponics: Hydroponics Aeroponics

14. Transplanting Of Vegetable Seedlings Under Open And Protected Environment Transplanting is term to designate the removal of living plants from nursery whereby they may become established in new place (main field). It is an operation which may be performed when the plant is actively growing. Transplanting should not be delayed. If seedlings are allowed to grow too long in nursery, they become weak and early flowering occur. Transplant of the seedlings are 7- 10cm high and have 3-4 true leaves.

15. MULCHING Mulching A mulching is the process of covering soil around the plants with an organic or synthetic material to create congenial conditions for the plant growth and development.   Types of mulching- Organic mulching(Eg. straw, stones, leaves, etc) Inorganic mulching(Eg: plastic mulch, synethic mulch) Reasons for applying mulch include: Conservation of soil moisture Reducing weed growth Improving fertility and health of the soil

16. Drip Irrigation System And Fertigation System In Polyhouse Drip Irrigation It is one of the advanced methods of irrigation by which only required quantity of water can be supplied at root zone of soil It saves water by 50 -60 % It improves quality and productivity of the crops Fertigation It is a controlled system which supply irrigation to greenhouse vegetables crop with soluble plant nutrients at the root zone is known as Fertigation.

17. Staking In Vegetable Production It refers to tying up of plant with jute twins or nylon tread in order to provide it support while it grows FEATURES OF STAKING Its provide external support to the plant Vertical growing crops yields 3 times more It helps in maintaing fruit quality Exposure to sunlight

18. Production Technology Of Parthenocarpic Cucumber Under Polyhouse During winter season, this crop cannot be grown under open field conditions .Its grown early in spring or early summer – high market value.1% increase in volume of international trade (cucumber and gherkin) increase the demand from India by 5.96% Partenocarpy It is the growth of ovary into seedless fruit in the absebnce of pollination and fertilization. Cucurbits are cross –pollinated crops and monoeicous in nature 1.Soil and climate requirement :- Soil should be fertile as well as clods free. The optimum temperture for germination 25 -29 degree Celsius   2.Seed rate and seed treatment :- For the 250 sq.m area the seedling required 750 plants . Take extra 200 -300 seedling for gap filling. Treat the seeds with captan or thiram @ 0.02 g/10 g of seeds.   3.Sowing and transplanting time :- last week of august and seedling transplanting done from first week of september onwards. Second crop should be sown in first week of january and transplanted in first week of februry 4.Training and pruning The plants are trained upwards so that the main stem is allowed to climb to the overhead wire a long a polythene twine . Thinning

19. Production Technology Of Tomato Under Polyhouse Although a ripe tomato contains as much as 93 to 94 percent water, it has a high nutritive value being a good source of vitamins and minerals Soil And Climate Tomato prefers moderate temperature and thrives well in the temperature range of 25-30 C. Seed rate and spacing The average seed rate for tomato is 100g/ACRE. Seeds are sown with row spacing of 10 cm and seed spacing of 0.5 cm. Varieties Indeterminate tomato varieties are suitable for cultivation under polyhouse. Avtar , Indam hybrid, All Rounder, ArkaMeghali , ArkaSurabhi , etc. are suitable varieties for tomato cultivation. Sowing And Transplanting Time For winter planting sowing done in october and transplanting dne in nov-dec For feb planting sowing done in end of nov Intercultural operations in tomato Mulching staking Indeterminate type of tomato Staking in tomato

20. Weed Management Under Open And Protected Conditions Weeding The removal of unwanted plants from the field is called weeding. Weeding tools: Khurpi, spade, gardening fork sickle. Objectives To reduce the competition of weeds to crop plants for light, space, water and nutrients. To get expected output (yield) from crop cultivation.

21. Nematodes Management In Protected Cultivation NEMATODE It is a Multicellular insects with smooth ,unsegmented bodies . Nematode species that feed on plants are so tiny that you need a microscope to see them . Infection can be occur through:- Infected soil Infected plant material MANAGEMENT Soil test is mandatory before constructing a poly house Crop rotation Removal of Nematicides Removal of previous crop residue

22. Integrated Pest And Disease Management Integrated pest management (IPM) is a useful approach producing greenhouse vegetables. It involves the integrated use of different techniques to maximize productivity in a way that is ecologically sound and safe. Integrated Pest Management strategies for protected cultivation I. Preventive measures: (exclusion) II. Scouting and early detection : (inspection) III. Curative measures: (chemical control) Common Insect /Pest White flies, Thrips , Friut borer Common Diseases Damping off, leaf curl, Baterial wilt, downy mildew

23. Storage Of Vegetable In Zero Energy Cooling Chamber Zero energy cool chamber stay 10 -15 * C cooler than the outside temperature and maintain about 90 % relative humidity Zecc is constructed with Bricks Sand Bamboo Straw Gunny bags ADVANTAGES Avoid distress sale of fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers. Better marketability of fresh horticultural produce than ambient. Retain nutritive value. Environment friendly storage system with no pollution.

24. Seed extraction in vegetables Seed Extraction Methods in Vegetable Crops Dry Method Wet method Fermentation Method Mechanical Seed Extraction Directly Harvesting of Matured Pod Method Manually Seed Extraction Method Floatation Method Mechanical seed extraction Mature pod extraction