Vehicular air pollution

Initiatives Taken by The World and India for Vehicular Emission Control

1. A Report On:-
Initiatives Taken by The World and India for Vehicular
Emission Control
Air Pollution and Control
Prepared By: Waseem Raja
M.Tech. Environmental Engineering Student
BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDHYALAYA, VALLABH
VIDHYANAGAR

2. Content
Abstract
Introduction
Majorvehicularpollutants
Healthconcernsduetopollutants
Conventionalmethodsofcontrol
Initiativestakeninmajorpartsofworldtominimizevehicularpollution
InitiativestakeninIndiatominimizevehicularpollution
Conclusion
Sourcesandreferences

3. Abstract
Therehasbeenarapidindustrializationaswellasmodernizationinthe
worldwhichdemandsheavytransportationformovementofpeople,
goodsandservices.Duetohugeriseinmotorvehicles,asaresultofan
increasingdemand,tremendousamountofharmfulgasesisreleasedinto
theatmosphereeverysecond.Vehiclesrunningonvariousfuelslikediesel,
petrol,gasolineaddsignificantamountofCarbonMonoxide(CO),
CarbonDioxide(CO2),OxidesofNitrogen(NO2),OxidesofSulphur(SO2),
Hydrocarbons,Lead(Pb),ParticulateMatter(PM)andsomeindirect
pollutantssuchasOzone(O3)intotheenvironment.Allthesegasescome
undermajorairpollutants.Themotorvehicleshavebecomeaninevitable
modeoftransportationwhichnonationorstatecansurvivewithout,but
therehavebeengrowingconcernsaboutthedegradingenvironmentin
everynookandcorneroftheworld,asaresultofwhichmanyinitiatives
havebeentakeninordertominimizetheemissionoftheseharmfulgases
thatarereleasedintotheatmosphereandmitigateitsadverseeffects.
Thefollowingseminarreporthighlightsthevariousinitiativestakeninmajor
partsoftheworldandIndiainordertocontrolvehicularemission.

4. Introduction
Rapidindustrializationandmodernizationdemand heavy
transportationformovementofpeople,goodsandservices.
Hugeriseinmotorvehiclesresultinreleaseoftremendous
amountofharmfulgasesintotheatmosphere.
Vehiclesrunningonvariousfuelslikediesel,petrol,gasolineemit:
➢CarbonMonoxide(CO),
➢CarbonDioxide(CO2),
➢OxidesofNitrogen(NO2),
➢OxidesofSulphur(SO2),
➢Hydrocarbons,Lead(Pb),
➢ParticulateMatter(PM)&
➢Ozone(O3).
Sources: Smriti Chand, Vehicular Pollution in India

5. Introduction
Anexponentialgrowthinthedemandsofmotorvehiclesin
variouspartsoftheworldhasbeenobservedduringlastfew
decades.
Forexamplethevehiclegrowthtrendofsomecountriescan
beseeninthefollowingtable:
Country No. of Vehicles
India 0.3 million (1951) -2.3 million
(2020)
China 340 million
United States of America 263 million
Pakistan 1.73 million
Bangladesh 504,130.000 unit
Source: MoSPI, GOI. EPA, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority, Pakistan Economic Survey 2015-2016

6. Introduction
The pollution share due to vehicular emission
Country Pollution Share
India 27%oftotalPollution
China 31%oftotalPollution
USA 75%oftotalCO&27%oftotal
greenhousegasesemission
Pakistan 43%oftotalPollution
Bangladesh 30–50%oftotalPollution
Source:Indianexpress,EPA,BilkisA.Begum,AirpollutionbyfineparticulatematterinBangladesh

7. Introduction
Airpollutioncausesmorethan2milliondeathsevery
year,worldwide.
Itisresponsibleforanannualeconomiclossofabout5
trilliondollarsovertheglobe.
Ofalltheairpollutants,fineparticulatematter(PM)is
oneofthemosthazardouspollutantforthehuman
health.
Source:WHO,Wikipedia,(Ronni,2012).

8. Major vehicular pollutants
Particulatematter
Therearevarioussubtypesofparticulatematter
Totalsuspendedparticulatematter(TSPM):Theconcentrationof
particulatematterwhichisobtainedwhenahigh-volumebulk
samplingisdoneonafiltersubstrate.Itincludesparticlesofall
sizes.
PM10:Thesearetheparticleslessthan10μmindiameter.
PM2.5:Thesearetheparticleslessthan2.5μmindiameter.
PM1.0:Thesearetheparticleslessthan1μmindiameter.
Particle matter may be emitted directly into the atmosphere or
may be formed by transformation of gaseous emissions such as
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds.
Source :(Ronni, 2012).

9. Major vehicular pollutants
Carbonmonoxide(CO)
AllmotorvehiclesemitCO,butthemajorityofitis
emittedfromthissourcewhichoccursfromlight-duty,
gasoline-poweredvehicles.
Motorvehiclessignificantlycontributetoambient
carbonmonoxide(CO)concentrations.
Nitrogendioxide(NO2)
Theemissionsourcesarevaried,buttendtoresultfrom
hightemperaturecombustionoffuelinvehicleuse.
AlthoughallmotorvehiclesemitNOx,themajorityof
on-roademissionsoccurfromdieselvehicles.
Source: (Baldaufet al., 2009).

10. Major vehicular pollutants
Sulphurdioxide(SO2)
Althoughmotorvehiclesemitsulphurdioxide(SO2)andother
sulphur-containingcompounds,trafficsourcestypicallymake
onlysmallcontributionstoambientconcentrations.
ThemonitoringofSO2maybeusefulnearothertypesof
transportationfacilities,suchasairports,railwayyards,and
seaports.
Ozone(O3)
Ozoneisnotdirectlyemittedfrommotorvehicles,andO3
measurements arenottypicallycollectedfornearroad
applications.
ThepresenceofelevatedNOconcentrationsinthenear-road
microenvironmentmayleadtolowerconcentrationsdueto
“ozonescavenging”aspartoftheformationofNO2fromNO
andO3.
Source: WHO, Motor Vehicle Pollution , Baldaufet al., 2009

11. Major vehicular pollutants
Lead(Pb)
Beforetheintroductionofunleadedgasolineinmostcountriesofthe
world,motorvehiclelead(Pb)emissionswereamajorpublichealth
concern.
Pbisnolongeraddedtogasolineinmanycountries,motorvehicle
fuelsstillcontaintraceamountsofPbfromcrudeoil.
Leadisalsopresentintraceamountsinlubricatingoil
Hydrocarbon
TheseareotherwiseknownasVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOC).
Theyareessentiallyfuelwhichwasunburntduringcombustionprocess
orwhichhasescapedintotheatmospherethroughfuelevaporation.
Hydrocarbonscanoftenbedividedintoseparatecategoriesof
methane(CH4)andnon-methane(NMVOCs).
Vehiclesarealsoamajorsourceofatmospherichydrocarbons
Source: Baldaufet al. 2009

12. Major vehicular pollutants
Carbondioxide(CO2)
Carbondioxide,methane,andgasmoleculesthat
havesimilarstructuresmayinfluencetheglobal
climatebyinternalmolecularvibrationandrotation
whichcausethesemoleculestoabsorbinfrared
radiation.
Carbondioxideisa“greenhousegas”whichisa
majorplayeringlobalwarming.
Otherthantheemissionoftheseharmfulgasesinto
atmosphere,increaseinmotorvehicleshasalso
increasedcongestion,accidents,oilspills,noise
relatedproblemsandvariousdisturbancestolocal
floraandfauna.
Source: Pierre et al.,1998, WHO

13. Health concerns due to pollutants
Pollutant Health
Concern
Nitrogendioxide Lungirritation,respiratoryillness,andprematuredeath
Carbon
Monoxide/Dioxide
Headachesandreducesmentalalertness
Particulatematter
Increasedrespiratorydisease,lungdamage,cancerand
prematuredeath
Sulphurdioxide
Increaseinexistingheartdisease,breathingdifficulties
andrespiratoryillness
Ozone
Breathingdifficulties,respiratoryinfectionsandlungand
tissuedamage
Source: EPA, USA

14. Conventional methods of control
Byusingalternativefuelssuch
LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG)
CompressedNaturalGas(CNG)
BatteryOperatedVehicles
SolarOperatedVehicles
➢Combustionofdieselemitsfineparticlesattherateof
84gms/kilometreascomparedtothatofCNGat
11gms/kilometre
➢TheuseofCNGleadstoreductioninemissionof
greenhousegasesby12%thanthosefromdiesel
engines
Source: CPCB

15. Conventional methods of control
Batteriesandsolarpanels
Theproblemofpollutionbyvehicularemissionisalso
beingeliminatingbyusingbatteriesandsolarpanels
asthesourceofpowerinmotor
Insuchvehiclestheemissioniszero.
Solarpanelsfittedwithphotovoltaiccellsarealso
beingusedaccordingtotheaerodynamicdesignof
thevehicle.
Source: CPCB

16. Conventional methods of control
VehiclePerformance
Vehicleperformancemaybeimprovedbycontrolling
vehiclehardware.
VehicleBuild-New
Manufacturerhastocertifythathisdesignmeetsthe
standardssetforemission.
ProperMaintenance
Vehiclesmayhavebeendesignedandbuilttomeets
standardsbuttheywillnotdosounlessProperly
maintained,thereforemaintenanceismadenecessary.
ThesamecanbeexemplifiedbyPollutionUnderControl
certificatesmandatedinIndia.
Source: WHO

17. Initiatives taken in major parts of world to
minimize vehicular pollution
UnitedstatesofAmerica
ReducingDriving:Measuresthatencouragetodrivelesscanhelpcurb
vehicularpollutionandprotectnaturalresourcesandpublichealth
PollutionControlTechnology:FederalandCaliforniaregulationsrequire
theuseoftechnologiesthathavedramaticallyreducedtheamountof
smog-formingpollutionandcarbonmonoxidecomingfromavehicle's
tailpipe.Forgasolinevehicles,"threeway"catalysts,preciseengineand
fuelcontrols,andevaporativeemissioncontrolshavebeenquite
successful.Moreadvancedversionsofthesetechnologiesareinsome
carsandcanreducesmog-formingemissionsfromnewvehiclesbya
factoroften.Fordieselvehicles,"two-way"catalystsandenginecontrols
havebeenabletoreducehydrocarbonandcarbonmonoxideemissions,
butnitrogenoxideandtoxicparticulate-matteremissionsremainvery
high.
Zero-EmissionVehicles:Hydrogenfuel-cellandelectricvehiclesmove
awayfromburningfuelanduseelectrochemicalprocessesinsteadto
producetheneededenergytodriveacardowntheroad.Fuel-cell
vehiclesrunonelectricitythatisproduceddirectlyfromthereactionof
hydrogenandoxygen

18. Initiatives taken in major parts of world to
minimize vehicular pollution
Source: EPA, USA

19. Initiatives taken in major parts of world to
minimize vehicular pollution
China
Theenhancedregulationandmanagement ofatmospheric
pollution:Thefirstmilestoneistheupgradeofatmospheric
pollutionrelatedlaw.TheStandingCommitteeoftheNational
People'sCongresshasrevisedtheoldversion(1987)ofthe
”PreventionandControlLawofAtmosphericPollution''twice
Thereleaseofnationalplanonenergysavingandemission
reduction:China'sStateCouncilreleased``the2014-2015Low
CarbonDevelopmentPlanforEnergySavingandEmission
Reduction''in2014,aimingtoaddressthecurrentsituationof
motorvehiclerelatedairpollution.
Encouragementof“greentravel”:“Greentravel”includesthe
improvementofthepublictransportsystemandenhancementof
thebus/metroprioritydevelopment.

20. Initiatives taken in major parts of world to
minimize vehicular pollution
Source: The amount of air pollutants from vehicle in China from 2009 to 2016 (data from China MEP, 2010-
2016

21. Initiatives taken in major parts of world to
minimize vehicular pollution
Bangladesh&Pakistan
Themainreasonsofpollutioninthecountryare
factoriesandbrickkilns,thereforetheyhavegiven
leastfocustopollutionfromtrafficsources,Dhakacity
corporationshavebeenaskedtospraywateron
streetstwiceadaytopreventdust.Theconstruction
sitesincludinggovernment-runmetroconstruction
andbusprojectshavealsobeenaskedtospraywater
onthesite.
Similarly,Pakistanduetoit’sfinancialconstraintcan
notallocatemuchbudgetaryresourcestowards
pollutioncontrolduetovehicleemission.

22. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
Indiaadoptedfollowingtechniquesandinitiativestocurb
pollutionfromvehicles:
AirQualityStandardsnotified(1982&1994)andAir
PollutionControlareasdeclared
EmissionStandardsnotifiedforIndustriesVehicles(in-use&
new),Gensets,etc.
Fuelqualityimprovements.(Coal,gasoline&diesel).
Relocationofpollutingindustries,phasingoutolder
pollutingvehicles,introductionofmass rapid
transportation,etc
Roadmapforcontrolofemissionsfromnewandin-use
vehiclesdevelopeduptoyear2010
UseofAlternatefuel(CNG,LPG,Ethanolpetrol,Bio-diesel,
Hydrogen,etc.)
Source: CPCB

23. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
BharatStageemissionStandards
ThefirstemissionnormswereintroducedinIndiain1991forpetrol
andin1992fordieselvehicles.Followedthese,thecatalytic
converterbecamemandatoryforpetrolvehiclesandunleaded
petrolwasintroducedinthemarket.
TheprimaryruleswiththesoubriquetAsiannation2000were
introducedintheyear2000,withthesecondandthirditerations
beingintroducedin2001and2005withthesoubriquetBSII(BS2)
andBSIII(BS3),respectively.
TheIndiangovernmentannouncedthatthecountrywouldskip
theBSVnormsaltogetherandadoptBSVInormsby2020.Inits
recentjudgment,theSupremeCourthasbannedthesaleand
registrationofmotorvehiclesconformingtotheemission
standardBharatStageIVintheentirecountryfrom1April2020.
(TheHindu)
Source:BSIVandVIemissionlimitsforcompressionignitionvehicles.Noteallregulatedpollutantsare
notshownhere.AnindependentBSIVNOXlimitisnotdefinedforthree-wheeledvehicles.Shownhereis
thecombinedNOX+HClimitequalto0.380g/km:Internationalcounciloncleantransportation,The
HinduNewspaper

24. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
BSIVandVIemissionlimitsforcompressionignitionvehicles.Noteallregulatedpollutantsarenotshown
here.AnindependentBSIVNOXlimitisnotdefinedforthree-wheeledvehicles.Shownhereisthe
combinedNOX+HClimitequalto0.380g/km:Internationalcounciloncleantransportation

25. Initiatives taken in India to minimize vehicular
pollution
Activities Applicable for Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai,
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Pune
New PUC Checking System for all
categories of vehicles
1April2004
Inspection & Maintenance system for all
categories of vehicles
1April2006
Performance Checking of catalytic
converters and conversion kits installed
invehicles
1April2005
Augmentation of city public transport
system
Notlaterthan1April2004
Emission norms for city public service
vehicles
CityBusesandTaxis:
From1April2004
Registeredafter1April1996:Applicablenormsondateregistration.
Before1April1996:1996emissionNorms.
From1April2008
RegisteredafterIntroductionofBharat_IInorms:Applicablenormsondate
registration.
RegisteredbeforeIntroductionofBharat_IInorms:India2000norm
3wheelers:
From1April2004
Registeredafter1April2000:Applicablenormsondateofregistration.
Before1April2000:1996emissionnorms.
From1April2008
Registeredafter1April2000:Applicablenormsondateofregistrationbefore1
April2005:MinimumIndia2000emissionnorms
Emission norms for all interstate buses.
Minimum India 2000 Minimum Bharat
Stage II
From1April2004Registeredafter1April2000:
India2000Before1April2000:1996emissionnorms.
From1April2008Registeredafter1April2005:BharatStage–IIBefore1April2005:
MinimumIndia2000emissionnorms
Bharat Stage IV
FromApril01,2010
Forallprivatevehicles,citypublicservicevehiclesandcitycommercialvehiclesin
identifiedcities
Bharat Stage VI April1,2020.
(Ministry of Road Transport, GOI )

26. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
OtherinitiativestakenbyIndiatomitigatevehicular
emission
Electricvehicles:Promotetheuseofelectricvehicles.
GovernmentofDelhiapprovedapolicyonelectric
vehicles(EVs)withafocusontwo-wheelers,shared
transportvehicles,andcommercialvehiclestolead
thechangetoelectricmobility,atatimewhenthe
stateisgrapplingwithseverelevelsofpollution.
Improvedpublictransport:Encourageashiftfrom
privatepassengervehiclestopublictransport(BRTS,
MMTS,etc)
Source: The Hindu

27. InitiativestakeninIndiatominimize
vehicularpollution
OddevenschemeinDelhi
DelhiGovernmenthadimposedthisschemeintwophases.
Initiallytheschemewasimplementedfrom1stJanuary2016to
15thJanuary2016andthesecondphasehadbeeninoperation
from15thAprilto30thApril2016.Accordingtothenotification
issuedbythegovernment,from8amto8pmprivatevehicles
withoddregistrationnumberswillbeallowedontheroadon
Mondays,WednesdaysandFridays.Vehicleswithevennumbers
willrunonTuesday,ThursdayandSaturday.ButonSundaysthere
wasnoassuchrestrictions.
Eveniftheprogramresultedinreductionsintrafficcongestion
andairpollutioninthecity,theodd-evenprogrammaynotbea
goodlong-termmeasuretoreduceairpollutioninNewDelhi.As
theprograminJanuarywasknowninadvancetobeashort-
termpilot,commuterresponsemaynotbetypicalofwhatis
expectedoverthelongerterm.
Source:KeshavSinghania,G.P.Girish2,EmodiNnaemekaVincent,ImpactofOdd-EvenRationingof
VehicularMovementinDelhionAirPollutionLevels

28. InitiativestakeninIndiatominimizevehicularpollution

29. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
Effect of consistent efforts and initiatives on Pollutants Concentration in India During last
few years
SO2

30. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
SO2

31. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
NO2

32. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
NO2

33. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
RSPM

34. Initiatives taken in India to minimize
vehicular pollution
RSPM
Source:Dr.B.Sengupta,strategiestoreduceairpollutioninIndia

35. Conclusion
Airpollutionisclearlyathreattothenaturalbalanceofthe
environmentandisdirectlyaffectingtheeco-system.The
nationsacrosstheworldarethrivingtofindnewwaysand
initiativestominimizeairpollutioninwhichvehicularemission
isamajorpollutantcontributor.Bangladeshisthemost
pollutedcountryintheworldfollowedbyPakistan,India
andChinaasfarasitsAQIareconcerned.Outofthese
nations,ChinaandIndiahavedevelopedsubstantial
techniquestofightagainstthegrowingpollutionwhereas
BangladeshandPakistanarelaggingfarbehind.Air
pollutionduetovehicularemissionrequiresamore
collectiveapproachwithscientificandmanagement
techniques.Outoftheconventionalmethods,thebattery
andsolarchargedvehicleshaveagreatpotentialtobean
alternativetofueldrivenvehicles.Airisapreciousresource
whoseprotectionandpreservationareadutyofall.

36. Sourcesandreferences
ChandSmriti.VehicularPollutioninIndia(2118Words).Yourarticle
library.
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VehiclesandEngines.UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
2020
BangladeshMotorVehicleRegistered.YearlyUnitBangladeshRoad
TransportAuthority,1995–2019
PakistanMotorVehiclesSalesGrowth.Pakistaneconomicsurvey.
2006-2020
BilkisA.Begum,PhilipK.Hopke.Airpollutionbyfineparticulatematterin
Bangladesh.Issue1.Jan2013
Haritash,A.K.Kaushik,C.P.SeasonalandSpatialOccurrenceand
DistributionofRespirableParticulate-boundAtmosphericPolycyclic
AromaticHydrocarbonsinHisarCity(India)andTheirPotentialHealth-
risks.2011
BaldaufR.,WatkinsN.,HeistD.,BaileyC.,RowleyP.andShoresR.
(2009).Near-roadairqualitymonitoring:factorsaffectingnetwork
designandinterpretationofdata.Airquality,atmosphereandhealth.
2:1-9.Doi10.1007/s11869–009–0028–0.5

37. Sources and References
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38. Thank You ☺