vertebrate-and-invertebrate-animals.pptx

Senior High School- Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Biology 2: Module 5

1. Plant and animal organ systems and their functions Gas exchange and transport/circulation GROUP 1

2. GAS EXCHANGE All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as carbohydrates. The process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism is called respiration. Carbon dioxide gas is produced and must be removed from the body of animals. Gas exchange is one of the essential prerequisites for life to continue. Diffusion across a moist membrane is the basic mechanism of gas exchange.

3. In order to survive, animals need to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two of the many gases found in the environment which move by diffusion across moist membranes in animals. Breathing is a mechanical process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released. The exchange of gases through inhalation and exhalation is called respiration. ANIMALS

4. Here are the ways in which animals obtain oxygen: From the air or water through the moist surface directly into the body (e.g., amoeba, flatworm) From the air or water through a thin, moist body wall of blood vessels (e.g., earthworm)

5. From the air through spiracles (opening on the thorax) or a tracheal system to a system of ducts to the tissues (e.g., insects) From water through moist gill surfaces to blood vessels (e.g., fishes, amphibians) From the air through moist lungs surface to blood vessels (e.g., land snail, land vertebrate)

6. The respiratory system’s function is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells. In simple animals, exchange of gases directly occurs with the environment, while in some animals like mammals, breathing is done through the body's nasal passages. The general body surface of most animals lacks sufficient area to exchange gases for the whole organism. The solution is a respiratory organ that is extensively folded or branched, thereby enlarging the available surface area for gas exchange. Gas Exchange Systems

7. 1. Skin system - The skin or the body surface system is also known as the integumentary system. Animals that live in moist environments like worms and amphibians used their moist body surface to breathe in oxygen. Capillaries or tiny vessels lie just below the skin of worms to facilitate gas exchange between the external environment and the circulatory system. The skin of frogs is made up of very thin tissues, allowing smooth exchange of gases

8. 2. Gills system - Fish and other aquatic animals use their gills to take up the dissolved oxygen from water. Gills are thin tissue filaments that are highly branched and folded. When water passes over the gills, the dissolved oxygen in water rapidly diffuses across the thin membranes of the gills into the bloodstream. On the other hand, carbon dioxide in the bloodstream of the animals leaves through the gills.

9. 3. Tracheal system - Insects,such as grasshoppers and spiders, use their tracheae to facilitate gas exchange. Tracheae consist of air tubescalled spiracles forming network in the bodies of insects. Spiracles connect to the tubular network allowing oxygen to pass into the body and regulate the diffusion of CO2 and water vapor.

10. 4. Lung system A pair of organs divided into small chambers filled with capillaries called lungs are found inside the cavity of land animals such as humans. The tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs is called trachea. The trachea divides into two mainbronchi ( singular: bronchus ) (the left and right) which further subdivides into bronchioles. The tip of each bronchiole is called alveolus ( plural: alveoli ) wherein actual gas exchange occurs. Lying flat at the bottom of the chest cavity (under the lungs) is the diaphragm, a large muscle that aids in breathing by moving up and down.

11. Plants exchange their gases with the environment in a straightforward way. In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants need a supply of carbon dioxide and a means of disposing oxygen. An abundant supply of carbon dioxide must be present in the leaf of a plant and oxygen from photosynthesis must be removed. PLANTS

12. Leaves Plant leaf consists of stomata (singular: stoma) that allow gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf. These stomata regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and are the major avenues for the evaporative loss of water. The term stoma refers to the stomatal pore flanked by two guard cells, which regulate the opening and closing of the pore

13. In between the upper and lower epidermal layers of a leaf is a region called the mesophyll (from the Greek words mesos: middle, phyll: leaf). Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis.

14. There are two distinct areas of leaves: the palisade mesophyll consisting of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf and the spongy mesophyll below the palisade mesophyll. These parenchyma cells are more loosely arranged, with a labyrinth of air spaces through which CO2 and oxygen circulate around the cells and up to the palisade region. The air spaces are particularly large in the vicinity of the stomata, where gas exchange with the outside air occurs.

15. Roots and Stems

16. Roots Plant roots take oxygen from the air that is present in between the particles of soil. Root hair, an extension of the root epidermal cells, is in direct contact with the soil. Oxygen diffuses in the root hair, reaching all the other cells of the roots. It is through the root hairs that only carbon dioxide gets diffused into them and is expelled from the roots of a plant. Respiration in roots of the plant occurs by diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the root hairs.

17. Stems The hard stem of big plants and trees has lenticels in them. Lenticels are in the small area of a bark. These cells are loosely placed, allowing gaseous exchange of respiratory gases between air and living cells of the woody stem.

18. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM You have learned already that organisms require food, water, and oxygen for survival. These are transported to different parts of the body while wastes are excreted from the body. The circulatory system functions to support life as it feeds our cells with food and oxygen. Part of the task of this system is the removal of waste products.

19. Animal Circulatory System The heart and the blood vessels function to transport substances and together form the circulatory system. More complex animals have either open or closed circulatory systems. In an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. Thisgeneral body fluid is more correctly called hemolymph. In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

20. The Human Heart The heart is a bundle of muscles about the size of the fist. It is located in the center of the chest in between the lungs and is tilted to one side and points downward to the left. The heart is divided into two chambers: the top chamber called atrium (plural: atria) and the bottom chamber called the ventricle. Between each atrium and ventricle is a valve that prevents the blood from flowing backwards.

21. Blood Vessels The circulatory system is a closed system, and blood moves through the body in tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of blood vessels that make up the circulatory system: arteries, veins, and c apillaries. Arteries have thick muscular walls. They are elastic and expand every time the ventricles contract. They carry blood away from the heart. The blood in the arteries is bright red because it contains much oxygen. The large artery is the aorta. Veins have muscular walls but are much thinner than the walls of the arteries. They carry blood toward the heart. The blood in the veins is blue in color because it lacks oxygen. The circulatory system is composed of two separate systems: one part of the system pumps blood to the lungs and the other part pumps blood to the body. Blood needs to go to the lungs to pick up oxygen before it can proceed to the different parts of the body.

22. Blood Red blood cells (RBCs) also called erythrocytes are the key to life. They constantly travel through the body, delivering oxygen and removing waste. White blood cells (WBCs) are larger and less numerous than RBC. They are also called leukocytes. They circulate in the blood for weeks before leaving the blood and entering other tissues. They also help defend the body against infection. Platelets or thrombocytes are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue in our bones. The bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. What happens when you get a cut on your body? Blood flows out. But what is blood?

23. EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS How can wastes present in the blood be removed from the body? Blood capillaries in the kidneys filter the blood. The blood that reaches the two kidneys contains both useful and harmful substances. The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood, while wastes dissolved in water are removed as urine. From the kidneys, the urine goes into the urinary bladder through tube-like ureters, stored in the bladder, and is passed out through the urinary opening at the end of a muscular tube called urethra. The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra form the excretory system. The urine consists of the following:95% water, 2.5% urea, and 2.5% otherwaste products.

24. -Plants take water and mineral nutrients from the soil through the roots and transport it to the leaves. Using water and carbon dioxide, the leaves prepare food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis. Remember that food is the source of energy, and organisms acquire energy from the breakdown of glucose to carry out essential life processes. How are water and nutrients absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves? TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS

25. Plant roots play an important role in the absorption of water and minerals. These have root hairs. Plants have pipe-like vessels made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue, to transport water and nutrients from the soil. Plants have pipes that transport water to the entire plant just like what we have at home for the supply water. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants: the xylem and the p hloem. Transport of Water and Minerals

26. a. Xylem - tissues that form a continuous network of channels connecting roots to the leaves through the stem and transporting water and nutrients to the entire plant b. Phloem - tissues that transport sugars from the leaves down to the rest of the plant

27. Transpiration Plants release a lot of water through the process of transpiration. Plants absorb mineral nutrients and waterfrom the soil, but not all the water absorbed is utilized by the plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull (similar to sucking water through a straw), pulling the water to great heights in tall trees. Transpiration cools the plant.

28. GROUP 1: MIA ROSE ESPINAS KATHRYN LAGSUB ANGEL ROSE SILVERIO IRIS LYNN JOVER JOHN MIKKO CASTAÑEDA KRISTIAN PALACIOS THANKS!