VFD SYSTEM- Variable Frequency Drive applications

VFD SYSTEM- Variable Frequency Drive applications

1. Prepared by :- Thamizharasan k VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

2. CONTENTS What is Ac and Dc Sine wave generation What is Hz What is Single phase and three phase. What is starter and history Type of starter Explain each starter What is VFD Type of speed controlling method Block diagram Circuit diagram Circuit diagram explanation How its working Application Advantage and disadvantage 15. Troubleshoot in VFD. 16. What are the Communication in VFD. 17. Type of VFD. Where is used VFD in our industry. DURATION HRS :- 1.00 Hrs Total Slide:-93

3. What is AC and DC Alternating current Direct current What is Alternating current? The current, which reverses its direction periodically in second , is called “Alternating Current”. What is Direct current? Direct current is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge. 

4. Sine wave generation A.C voltage may be generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field within a stationary coil. Induction. It says that whenever there is a relative motion between the conductor and the magnetic field in which it is kept,an e.m.f gets induced in the conductor

5. The number of hertz (abbreviated  Hz )  equals  the number of cycles per second. Usually, the single phase voltage is 230V and the frequency is 50Hz (depending on where you live). What is Hz

6. Difference Between 1 φ and 3 φ Power Supplies Almost 90% of the electrical energy we use in our day-to-day life is from alternating source like. I) Our home appliances, II)Office equipment III)Industrial machines, etc.., Depending on the application, AC Power can be delivered in either a Single Phase or a Three Phase system.

7. Difference Between 1 φ and 3 φ Power Supplies What is Single Phase Power Supply? As mentioned earlier, in a Single Phase Power Supply, the power is distributed using only two wires called Phase and neutral. Since AC Power takes the shape of a sinusoidal wave, the voltage in a single phase supply peaks at 90  during the positive cycle and again at 270  during the negative cycle.

8. Difference Between 1 φ and 3 φ Power Supplies . The phase wire carries the current to the load and the neutral wire provides the return path of the current. Since the voltage in a single phase supply rises and falls, a constant power cannot be delivered to the load

9. Sine wave generation What is three Phase Power Supply? A Three Phase Power Supply consists of three power wires (or the three phases). Additionally, depending on the type of the circuit (which there are two types), you might or might not have a neutral wire.

10. Sine wave generation  In a three phase power supply system, each AC Power Signal is 120  out of phase with each other. during one cycle of 360 , This steady stream of power and ability to handle higher loads makes a three phase supply suitable for industrial commercial operations.

11. What is Starter A Starter is a device that controls the use of electrical power to equipment, usually a motor It is a switching device that consists of electrical contacts As the name starters "start" motors. They can also stop them, reverse them, and protect them. Contactors control the electric current to the motor .

12. DOL Starter Star Delta Starter Auto Transformer starter Soft Starter VFD Starter Type of Stater

13. Direct On Line Starter

14. Direct On Line Starter Direct on line starter (DOL) mainly used small capacity motors (below 5 HP) doesn’t have very high starting current, such motors can withstand the starting currents. There is no need to reduce the voltage to the motor at start and hence motor can be connected directly to the supply lines.

15. Star Delta starter

16. Star Delta starter A star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3 phase induction motor. When motor reaches about 80% of its full load speed, it will begin to run in a delta connected stator winding. A star delta starter is a type of reduced voltage starter

17. Auto Transformer Starter

18. Auto Transformer Starter Three-phase auto transformer is connected in series with the motor. This transformer reduces the voltage applied to the motor and hence the current. This starter consists of changeover switch that switches the motor between reduced voltage and full voltage conditions. When this switch is in the start position, a reduced voltage is applied to the motor .

19. Soft Stater

20. Soft Stater In this method, semiconductor power switches are employed for reducing the starting current to the induction motor. It is another type of reduced voltage starter and it connected in series with the line voltage applied to the motor. This starter consists of back to back thyristors or TRIACs in each phase of the stator winding

21. VFD Stater

22. What is VFD A  variable frequency drive  ( VFD ) is a type of motor controller that  drives  an electric motor by varying the  frequency  and voltage of its power supply. The  VFD  also has the capacity to control ramp-up and ramp-down of the motor during start or stop, respectively. Other names:- I). Adjustable speed drive II). Adjustable frequency drive III). AC drive (or) inverter.

23. Speed controlling methods: Change supply voltage Changing rotor resistance Change frequency

24. Frequency Changing method

25. Frequency Changing method Formula for speed:- NS = 120 X F/P NS = Speed. ( motor RPM) 120 = Phase Angle. (Phase to phase angle) F = Frequency. (No of cycle per second) P = No of Poles.

26. No of poles (P) = 4 Frequency (F) = 50Hz NS = 120 X 50/4 = 1500 RPM No of poles (P) = 4 Frequency (F) = 40Hz NS = 120 X 40/4 = 1200 RPM Frequency controlling method For examples:- NS = 120 X F/P

27. Block diagram of VFD system Block diagram:- DC BUS CONTROLLER INVERTER (DC TO AC) RECTIFIER (AC TO DC) MOTOR 3PHASE POWER SUPPLY + _ + _

28. How does its Working

29. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T4 T6 T2 Circuit diagram of VFD Motor R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier DC bus Inverter controlled by PWM

30. Components are :- Area:- Diodes Capacitor MOSFET or IGBT Pulse width Modulations What are the major components used RECTIFIER (AC TO DC) DC BUS INVERTER (DC TO AC) CONTROLLER

31. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T4 T6 T2 Circuit diagram of VFD Motor R Y B RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

32. Rectifier:-

33. Rectifier:- A  diode  is defined as a two-terminal semiconductor device. Anode (+) Cathode(-) That only conducts current in one direction. (so long as it is operated within a specified voltage level).

34. Rectifier:-

35. Rectifier:-

36. Rectifier:- A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. The Red colour indicates that those diodes are in forward bias and the black colour indicates that those diodes are in reverse bias

37. Rectifier:- The arrows shows the direction of current flow. At a particular time any of the two diodes will be Forward Biased and the other two will be Reverse Biased,

38. Rectifier:- R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2 Diode = D1 to D6 Load = Dc motor

39. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

40. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

41. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

42. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Alternating current Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

43. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

44. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rectifier:- Peak positive (supply) = Peak negative (return) = Rough Direct current D1 D3 D5 D4 D6 D2

45. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T6 T4 T2 Circuit diagram of VFD Motor R Y B DC BUS CIRCUIT

46. DC bus:-

47. DC bus:- DC bus is nothing but It capacitor Its function is to store the electrical energy and give this energy again to the circuit when necessary. In other words, it charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it. It blocks the flow of DC and permits the flow of AC.

48. DC bus:-

49. DC bus:- R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load Rough Direct current Smooth Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

50. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load Rough Direct current Smooth Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 DC bus:- D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

51. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load Rough Direct current Smooth Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 DC bus:- D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

52. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load Smooth Direct current Rough Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 DC bus:- Alternating current D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

53. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 R Y B Alternating current 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load Rough Direct current Smooth Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 DC bus:- D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

54. R Y B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Load R Y B Alternating current Rough Direct current 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smooth Direct current DC bus:- D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2

55. Inverter

56. D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T6 T4 T2 Circuit diagram of VFD Motor R Y B INVERTER CIRCUIT

57. Inverter Inverter converted Direct current to Alternating current. Mainly using the components are: IGBT -----using in high capacity application. (OR) MOSFET---- using in Low capacity application.

58. Inverter The  MOSFET  (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor is a semiconductor device. which is widely  used for  switching and amplifying electronic signals in the electronic devices. The  MOSFET  is a three terminal device such as source, gate, and drain.

59. Inverter . An insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device. It is primarily used as an electronic switch which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching.

60. Inverter It is a solid state device (with no moving parts). An  IGBT works  by applying voltage to a semiconductor component, therefore changing its properties to block or create an electrical path. Much like an Solid State Relay but built for higher power applications.

61. Inverter PWM – Pulse width modulation Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off. The duration off "on time" is called the pulse width . Inverter signal controlled by Pulse width modulation

62. Inverter Duty cycle is the percentage of the ratio of pulse duration, or pulse width (PW) to the total period (T) of the waveform .

63. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

64. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

65. Inverter Motor + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - IGBT OR MOSET = T1 TO T6 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 + - Alternating current Waveform

66. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

67. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

68. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

69. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

70. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

71. Inverter Motor + - + - + - + - 1 2 3 4 5 6 Output wave form R Y B + - T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2

72. How does its Working

73. How does its Working T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 Motor R Y B + - R Y B R Y B D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

74. How does its Working R Y B R Y B Motor R Y B + - D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

75. How does its Working R Y B R Y B Motor R Y B + - D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

76. How does its Working R Y B R Y B Motor R Y B + - D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

77. How does its Working R Y B R Y B Motor R Y B + - D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

78. How does its Working R Y B R Y B Motor R Y B + - D1 D3 D5 C1 D4 D6 D2 T1 T3 T5 T4 T6 T2 AC INPUT CHANGE IN TO DC VARIABLE FREQUNCY AC OUTPUT

79. How does its Working

80. VFD Basic wiring connection T1 T2 T3 L1 L2 L3 3POLE MCB 3PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 3 PHASE LINE STOP COM|FOR|REV|LOW|MID|HIG| 35HZ 15HZ +VDC|REF|COM 10HZ 20HZ 30HZ 40HZ 50HZ 10HZ

81. Wiring Diagram SPL - LOW SPEED SPM - MEDIUM SPEED SPH – HIGH SPEED RST - RESTART REV – REVERSE DIRECTION FOR – FORWARD DIRECTION ACM – COMMON AI – CURRENT INPUT VI –VOLTAGE INPUT FA,FB,FC – REALAY OUTPUT

82. Some of the VFD Application Cooling Tower Compressor Blower Boiler Lathe work shops Modern lift system Pumping system etc..,

83. Advantage and Disadvantage of VFD Advantage:- Smooth starting. Smooth acceleration & deceleration time. Zero RPM Achive . Stopping methods. Power saving Disadvantage:- Cost is higher Skilled person required to change the parameter

84. Troubleshoot in VFD Loose connections are among the most common causes of faulty operation in  VFD  applications. Just eyeballing a connection is sometimes enough to know it's loose. VFD overload condition. VFD overheat.

85. What are the communication Delta VFD (MODBUS RS-485COMMUNICATION). SIEMENS VFD(PROFI BUS COMMUNICATION). ABB VFD (MODBUS COMMUNICATION). Schneider (MODBUS COMMUNICATION) .

86. Where is used VFD in our industry scrubber Schneider VFD 22kw 11kw Cooling 150TR ABB VFD 5Kw Secondary pump Vogon VFD 11Kw Dust collector ABB VFD 4kw

87. Thank you ’’  ’’ ’