Vijayanagar empire and its significant architecture

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1. VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE & ITS SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURE LETS DIG INTO THE HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE MONDAY ● OCTOBER 2 ● 2021 NEWSPAPER CLIPPING STYLE FOR HISTORY CLASS EDITION Nº 001

2. HELLO This is B.J.Kaushika of 12 th HUMANITIES. MONDAY ● OCTOBER 2 ● 2021 NEWSPAPER CLIPPING STYLE FOR HISTORY CLASS EDITION Nº 001

3. VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE INTRODUCTION 01. HISTORY 02. ANALYSIS 03. SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURE CONCLUSION 04. RICHNESS OF THE EMPIRE TABLE OF CONTENTS MONDAY ● OCTOBER 2 ● 2021 NEWSPAPER CLIPPING STYLE FOR HISTORY CLASS EDITION Nº 001

4. HISTORICAL EMPIRE

5. VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE

6. INTRODUCTION Founded in 1336 in the wake of the rebellions against Tughluq rule in the  Deccan , the Hindu Vijayanagar empire lasted for more than two centuries as the dominant power in south India. Its history and fortunes were shaped by the increasing militarization of peninsular politics after the Muslim invasions and the commercialization that made south India a major participant in the trade network linking Europe and East  Asia . Urbanization and monetization of the economy were the two other significant developments of the period that brought all the peninsular kingdoms into highly competitive political and military activities in the race for  supremacy .

7. VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE [1336-1646 A.D.]

8. Geographical and political status Harihara and Bukka are the founders of the Vijayanagar City in 1336 A.D. on the southern banks of Tungabhadra. They made Hampi as the capital city. They served under Vira Ballala III, the Hoysala King.

9. Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by four important dynasties and they are: Sangama Saluva Tuluva Aravidu

10. Some of the famous kings of the empire…

11. Harihara I Harihara I, also called Hakka and Vira Harihara I, was the  founder of the Vijayanagara Empire , which he ruled from 1336 to 1356 CE. He and his successors formed the Sangama dynasty, the first of four dynasties to rule the empire. In 1336 A.D. Harihara I became the ruler of Sangama Dynasty. He captured Mysore and Madurai . In 1356 A.D. Bukka -I succeeded him.

12. Krishnadeva Raya  (1509-1529 A.D.) Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller “ Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”.

13. Krishnadeva Raya‘s Conquests He conquered Sivasamudram in 1510A.D and Raichur in 1512A.D In 1523 A.D. he captured Orissa and Warangal His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the east

14. His Contributions An able administrator . He built large tanks and canals for irrigation. He developed the naval power understanding the vital role of overseas trade. He maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and Arab traders. He increased the revenue of his government. He patronized art and architecture. It was during his period the Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory. Krishnadeva Raya was a great scholar.

15. Ashtadiggajas : A group of eight scholars adorned his court and they were - Allasani Peddanna – the author of Manucharitram , he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha Nandi Thimmana – the author of Parijathapaharanam Madayagari Mallana Dhurjati Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra Kavi Pingali Surana Ramaraja Bhushana Tenali Ramakrishna

16. Battle of Talikota (1565 A.D.) The successors of Krishnadeva Raya were weak The combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar declared war on Vijayanagar during the rule of Aliya Rama Raya Aliya Rama Raya was defeated. He and his people were killed mercilessly. Vijayanagar was pillaged and ruined.

17. The Glories of the Vijayanagar Empire

18. Administration Well-organized administrative system The king was head of all powers in the state. Council of Ministers – to assist the King in the work of administration. The Empire was divided into six Provinces. Naik – a Governor who administered each Province.

19. The provinces were divided into districts and the districts were further divided into smaller units namely villages. The village was administered by hereditary officers like accountants, watchmen, the weights men, and officers in charge of forced labour . Mahanayakacharya : He is an officer and the contact point between the  villages and the Central administration.

20. The Army The army consisted of the infantry, cavalry and elephantry. The commander-in-chief was in charge of the army.

21. Revenue Administration Land revenue was the main source of income The land was carefully surveyed and taxes were collected based on the fertility of the soil. Major importance was given to agriculture and in building dams and canals.

22. Judicial Administration The king was the supreme judge. Severe punishments were given for the guilty. Those who violated the law were levied.

23. Position of Women Women occupied a high position and took an active part in the political, social and literary life of the empire. They were educated and trained in wrestling, in the use of various weapons of offence and defence , in music and fine arts. Some women also received an education of high order. Nuniz writes that the kings had women astrologers, clerks, accountants, guards and wrestlers.

24. Economic conditions Controlled by their irrigational policies. Textiles, mining, metallurgy perfumery, and other several industries existed. They had commercial relations with, the islands in the Indian Ocean, Abyssinia, Arabia, Burma, China, Persia, Portugal, South Africa, and The Malay Archipelago .

25. Contribution to Architecture and Literature The Hazara Ramasami temple and Vittalaswamy temple was built during this period The bronze image of Krishnadeva Raya is a masterpiece. Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada literature were developed. Sayana wrote commentaries on Vedas. Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada in Telugu and Usha Parinayam and Jambavathi Kalyanam in Sanskrit.

26. The decline of the Empire The rulers of the Aravidu dynasty were weak and incompetent. Many provincial governors became independent. The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda seized some areas of Vijayanagar.

27. SIGNIFICANT ARCHITECTURE OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE

28. The Vijayanagar Empire, a Hindu empire, was established by King Harihara I in 1336 and rose to prominence under King Krishna Deva Raya during the 16 th  century. Under the patronage of the empire, art and architecture reached new heights of brilliance. In fact, the influence of architecture was so great that it continued to have an impact on the development of temples, palaces, and shrines in south India long after the Empire saw its last days. Here are the ten most interesting things about the architecture of vijayanagar empire.

29. Architecture of Vijayanagar Empire – 10 Interesting Things

30. The Inspirations Vijayanagar architecture is a beautiful combination of Chola, Pandya, Hoysala , and Chalukya styles. All these styles had evolved centuries before the Vijayanagar Empire and continued to have its impact on the Empire.

31. The Materials Used Hard granite, which was locally available, was usually the material of choice due to its durability. However, the use of soapstone was also seen in the sculptures and reliefs because it was easy to carve due to its softness.

32.  The Features Of Temples The temples had enclosures adorned with decorative pillars called ‘ kalyanamandapa ’. There were towers at the entrance, called ‘ rayagopurams ,’ which were made with brick, stucco, and wood, like the Cholas. Life-sized figurines of gods were common in each of the temples .

33. The Engravings On Pillars The temple architecture was also known for having carved pillars with engravings of Yali ( hippogryphs ) or charging horses. Some pillars have horse engravings that were over seven feet tall. The horses were always depicted with riders on their back. 

34.  The Palace Architecture The palaces usually faced north or east. They were situated in compounds that had high earthen or stone walls. They had raised granite platforms beneath them with layers of moldings adorned by carved bands.

35. The Courtly Architecture The courtly architecture of the Empire was usually made from mortar and stone rubble. It showed influences of Islamic style with its vaults, domes, and arches. The elephant stables, watch towers, and Lotus Mahal palace offer the best examples of this.

36. The Shrines For Tamil Saints There were shrines made especially for Alwar and Vaishnava saints. They were architecturally different in the sense that these had an image of the saint in whose name it was built. These shrines had an enclosure, a separate kitchen, and a feeding hall for the pilgrims.

37. The ‘ Pushkarni ’ (Tank) Royal centers had tanks with stepwells called ‘ pushkarni .’ The steps on all four sides had finished schist chloride slabs put in a symmetrical manner to form the structure.

38.  Madura Style: The Last Phase Madura style is the last phase of the Vijayanagar Empire. It continued flourish even after the Empire perished. The most notable specimens of this form can be seen at Ramesvaram , Madura, Tiruvalur , Tinnevelly , Chidambaram, and several other places in the extreme southern parts of India.

39. Popular Temples In Andhra Pradesh the empire built the Mallikarjuna Temple at Srisailam , Upper Narasimha Temple and Lower Narasimha Temple at Ahobilam , Veera Bhadra Temple at Lepakshi and Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati and others. In Tamil Nadu the empire built the Vijayaraghava Permal temple modeled after the famous temples at Tirupati with statues of Krishnadevaraya in Thayar Sanithi pillars facing each other.

40. CONCLUSION Unquestionably, the art and architecture of Vijayanagar Empire was one of their greatest contributions to Indian history, and it will continue to fascinate the students and scholars forever .

41. THANK YOU MONDAY ● OCTOBER 2 ● 2021 NEWSPAPER CLIPPING STYLE FOR HISTORY CLASS EDITION Nº 001