VITAL SIGNS MONITORING POWERPOINT - HEALTH SCIENCS

VITAL SIGNS MONITORING POWERPOINT -

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Chapter 16
Vital Signs

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May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16:1 Measuring and Recording Vital
Signs
•Vital signs provide information about a
patient’s basic body conditions
•Temperature
–Measure of balance between heat lost and
produced by body
–Usually measured on Fahrenheit scale

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16:1 Measuring and Recording Vital
Signs
•Pulse
–Pressure of blood felt against wall of an artery
–Rate: number of beats per minute
–Rhythm: regularity
–Volume: strength, force, or quality

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16:1 Measuring and Recording Vital
Signs
•Respirations
–Patient’s breathing rate
•Blood pressure
–Force exerted by blood against arterial walls
•Apical pulse
–Taken with stethoscope at apex of heart

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16:1 Measuring and Recording Vital
Signs
•Pain
–Acute or chronic
–Patient should describe the feeling
–Everyone tolerates pain differently
–Use of a 0 to 10 scale

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16:2 Measuring and Recording
Temperature
•Temperature measures balance between heat
lost and heat produced in the body
–Heat lost through perspiration, respiration, excretion
–Heat produced by food metabolism, muscle, and
gland activity
•Homeostasis
–Constant state of fluid balance in the body

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Variations in Body Temperature
•Normal range: 97°to 100°Fahrenheit
•Causes of variations
–Individual differences
–Time of day
–Body sites (refer to Table 16-1 in text)

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Variations in Body Temperature
•Oral temperature
•Rectal temperature
•Axillary temperature
•Aural temperature
•Temporal temperature

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Variations in Body Temperature
•Hypothermia
–Body temperature below 95°F
•Pyrexia (fever)
–Body temperature above 101°F
•Hyperthermia
–Rectal body temperature exceeding 104°F

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Types of Thermometers
•Clinical thermometers
–Slender glass tube containing mercury
–Used by few health care agencies
–Danger of mercury contamination
•Electronic thermometers
–Used in most health care facilities

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Types of Thermometers
•Tympanic thermometers
•Temporal scanning thermometers
–Accurate and noninvasive for internal body
temperature
•Plastic or disposable thermometers

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Reading and Recording Temperature
•Record temperature to the nearest two-tenths
of a degree
•Refer to Figure 16-9 in text
•Record to avoid error in reading

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Cleaning Thermometers
•Clean thermometers thoroughly after each
use
•Use cool water on glass thermometers to
prevent breakage
•Disposable plastic sheath may be used
•Follow agency policies

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16:3 Measuring and Recording Pulse
•Pulse
–Pressure of blood pushing against the wall of an
artery as the heart beats and rests
•Major arterial or pulse sites
–Refer to Figure 16-18 in text

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16:3 Measuring and Recording Pulse
•Pulse rate
–Number of beats per minute
–Bradycardia: pulse rate under 60 beats/minute
–Tachycardia: pulse rate over 100 beats/minute
•Pulse rhythm
–Regularity of pulse
–Arrhythmia

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16:3 Measuring and Recording Pulse
•Pulse volume
–Strength, force, quality, or intensity of pulse
–Strong, weak, thready, bounding
•Factors that change pulse rate
•Measuring and recording radial pulse
–Refer to Procedure 16:3 in text

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16:4 Measuring and Recording
Respirations
•Respiration
–Process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon
dioxide from lungs and respiratory tract
•One respiration
–One inspiration (breathing in) and one expiration
(breathing out)

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16:4 Measuring and Recording
Respirations
•Rate of respirations
–Number of breaths per minute
•Character of respirations
–Depth and quality of respirations
•Rhythm of respirations
–Regularity of respirations/space between breaths

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16:4 Measuring and Recording
Respirations
•Abnormal respirations
–Dyspnea
–Apnea
–Tachypnea
–Bradypnea
–Orthopnea
–Cheyne-Stokes
–Rales
–Wheezing
–Cyanosis

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16:5 Graphing TPR
•Graphic sheets are used for recording
temperature, pulse, and respirations (TPR)
•Presents a visual diagram of variations in
patient’s vital signs
•May use color coding
•Refer to Procedure 16:5 in text

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16:5 Graphing TPR
•Factors affecting vital signs are often noted
•Computerized graphs may be printed or kept
in the electronic health record (EHR)
•Graphic charts are legal medical records
–Neat, legible, accurate
–Correct all errors

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16:6 Measuring and Recording Apical
Pulse
•Pulse count taken with stethoscope at apex of
the heart
•Usually ordered by physician
•Reasons for taking an apical pulse
•Protect patient’s privacy and avoid exposure

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16:6 Measuring and Recording Apical
Pulse
•Two heart sounds
•Pulse deficit
–Difference between apical and radial pulse
•Refer to Procedure 16:6 in text

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•Measurement of pressure blood exerts on
walls of arteries during various stages of heart
activity
•Read in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg) on a
sphygmomanometer
•Measurements read at two points

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•Systolic pressure
–Pressure in walls of arteries when left ventricle
contracts
•Diastolic pressure
–Constant pressure in walls of arteries when left
ventricle is at rest

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•Pulse pressure
–Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
•Hypertension (high blood pressure)
–Greater than 140 mm Hg systolic, 90 mm Hg
diastolic

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•Hypotension (low blood pressure)
–Less than 90 mm Hg systolic, 60 mm Hg diastolic
•Refer to Table 16-2 in text for adult blood
pressure classifications

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•Individual factors can influence blood pressure
readings, increase or decrease blood pressure
•Types of sphygmomanometers
–Mercury
–Aneroid
–Electronic

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16:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
Pressure
•AHA factors to observe for accurate readings
–5 minutes of quiet rest
–Take two separate readings and average
•Correct cuff size is essential for accuracy
•Refer to Procedure 16:7 in text