vital signs.ppt

Basic topic 'vital signs' for nursing students...

1. GOOD MORNING

2. VITAL SIGNS PREPARED BY: ULFAT RASOOL BSC NURSING

3. VITAL SIGNS(CARDINAL SIGNS) Vital signs are an objective measurement of the essential physiological functions of a living organism. They have the name “vital” as their measurement and assessment is the critical first step for any clinical evaluation

4. PURPOSES OF VITAL SIGNS To obtain baseline data about the patient condition. To determine variation from normal and its significance . To detect change in clients health status. To plan and implement the nursing care. Routine part of complete physical examination. To help in diagnosis of disease the result of treatment and medication.

5. VITAL SIGNS TEMPERATURE PULSE BLOOD PRESSURE RESPIRATION PAIN

6. TEMPERATURE Measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced by the body. Temperature of body is measured by thermometer. There are two types of body temperature: Core temperature. Surface temperature.

7. CORE TEMPERATURE: It is the temperature of internal organs and it remains constant most of the time ( 37degree C) Range-36.5 to 37.5. SURFACE TEMPERATURE: It is the temperature of skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat cells and it rise and falls in response to the environment. Range- 20 to 40 It doesn’t indicate internal physiology.

8. PARAMETERS VALUES NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE Normal-37 C or 98.6 F Range-36C-38C or 96.8-100 F PYREXIA Above 38C-41C or 100.4 F- 105.8 F HYPERPYREXIA Above 105.8 F HYPOTHERMIA Between 34C-35C

9. FACTORS AFFECTING BODY TEMPERATURE 1.Age: Infants have approx. 0.5 degree more temp than adults. 2.Exercise: body temperature increases with exercise. 3.Hormones: eg - ovulation. 4.Stress: sympathetic nervous system stimulation. 5.Environment: extremes in temperature.

10. SITES TO MEASURE BODY TEMPERATURE TYMPANIC (EAR)

11. PULSE A wave of blood flow created by contractions of the heart; The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart to the artery being assessed. Pulse is checked by; palpating - to feel OR Auscultation - listening for sounds

12. SITES OF PULSE

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF PULSE Rhythm :-pattern of heartbeats(regularity) the length of the time between beats should be same. Rate : number of heart beats per minute. Volume :- amount of blood pumped with each beat. Arterial wall elasticity :- the artery wall should feel soft and flexible under the fingers.

14. NORMAL RANGE OF PULSE AGE PULSE/HEART RATE Newborn 100-170 beats per min 1 year 80-170 beats per min Children 70-110 beats per min Adult 60-100 beats per min Tachycardia: a pulse rate of more than 100 beats per min. Bradycardia: a pulse rate of less than 60 beats per min.

15. PROCEDURE FOR TAKING PULSE Place tips of 3 fingers other than thumb lightly over pulse site. Thumb is not used for assessing pulse as it has its own pulse which can be mistaken for patients pulse. Do not press the artery with more force. After getting the pulse regularity, count the pulse for 1 minute looking at the second hand on the wrist watch. Assess the rate, rhythm, and volume of pulse and condition of blood vessels.

16. FACTORS AFFECTING PULSE AGE: very old person have slow pulse rate and children have faster pulse rate. S E X: Females have a slightly higher pulse than males. EMOTIONS: Anger or excitement increases the pulse rate temporally. FEVER: When body temperature is elevated, the pulse rate usually increases as well. BLOOD PRESSURE: When the blood pressure decreases, pulse rate may increase to increase blood flow. DRUGS: Stimulant drugs increase the pulse rate and depressant drugs decrease the pulse rate. HEMORRHAGE: Loss of blood increases pulse rate because of demand of oxygen.

17. RESPIRATION Respiration is the movement of oxygen of from the outside environment to the cells within the tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction that’s the environment. Respiration involves two processes: 1. Internal respiration 2. External respiration

18. 1. Internal respiration ( occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells). 2. External respiration ( occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air ).

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATION 1 RATE: It indicates the number of times the person breathes in and out in one minute. 2 DEPTH: it is estimated by observing the movement of chest during inspiration, which may be deep or shallow. 3 RHYTHM: it indicates the equal interval between two respiration.

20. NORMAL RANGE OF RESPIRATION

21. HOW TO TAKE RESPIRATORY RATE Place the patient arm in relaxed position across his abdomen and place your hand on the patients arm. N ow observe complete respiratory cycle (Inspiration+Expiration).

22. BLOOD PRESSURE(BP) Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the vessels walls(arterial wall)which is measured in millimetre of mercury (mmgh). Blood pressure measurements includes : systolic pressure diastolic pressure

23. BLOOD PRESSURE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE: The maximal pressure exerted on the arteries during contraction of left ventricles of heart. DIASTOLIC PRESSURE: The amount of pressure exerted on the arterial wall with the ventricles at rest.

24. METHODS OF MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE DIRECT METHOD: An oscilloscope is used for this method. This is continuous method which measures mean pressures. A needle or catheter is inserted into the brachial, radial, or femoral artery and oscilloscope displays arterial pressure in wave form.

25. 2. INDIRECT METHOD: Taking blood pressure by using sphygmomanometer. Following types of measuring device is available:- Mercury manometer. Aneroid manometer. Electronic BP device.

26. NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE RANGE CATEGORY SYSTOLIC (upper-mmHg) DIASTOLIC (lower mmHg) Low Less than 90 Less than 60 Normal Less than 120 Less than 80 Elevated 120-129 Less than 80 High (hypertensive stage 1) 130-139 80-89 High (hypertensive stage 2) 140 or higher 90 or higher Hypertensive crisis (seek emergency care) Higher than 180 Higher than 120

27. THANK YOU