Vitamins

TYPES OF VITAMINS AND USES

1. VITAMINS VITAMIN-A VITAMIN-D VITAMIN-E VITAMIN-K ASCORBIC ACID B-COMPLEX

2. VITAMINS Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life i.e. necessary for the growth an maintenance of good health. Most vitamins come from food. Vitamins are also referred to as micro nutrients

3. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS : Vit -A,D,E,K WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS : Vit –C,B1,B2,B6,Niacin,Pantothenic acid , Folic acid, Biotin

4. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS The requirement of fat soluble vitamins may be not either by intake of vitamin itself on by the intake of its precursor. Precursor is a compound which can be converted in to the vitamin in the body.

5. VITAMIN –A (RETINOL) Vit - A occurs in foods of animal origin. Its activity possessed by carotenoids found in plants. Carotenoids called as Pro vitamin A or precursor of vitamin A. Carotenoids are converted to Vit –A in liver.

6. FUNCTIONS Vit –A is essential for vision Immune response Bone growth , Reproduction Maintenance of the surface linings of the eyes , epithelial cell growth and repair. Embryonic development and the regulation of adult genes. SOURCES Liver , Cod liver , Oil , Carrots , Bruccoli , Milk , Meat , Fish , Green leafy vegetables .

7. DEFICIENCY Night blindness Keratomalacia : Cornea of the eye becomes dry. Bitot’s spot :from thickened conjuctival epithelia. Urinary calculus : Degeneration of epithelial cells or urinary du ct.

8. VITAMIN-D (CALCIFEROL) Vit – D can be synthesized in the skin in the presence of u.v rays of sunlight. Two important pro vitamin –D steroids are Ergosterol and 7- dehydro cholestrol .

9. FUNCTIONS Maintenance of normal bone formation. Essential for proper absorption and utilization of Ca and p for the bone formation. Promotes cell growth. SOURCES Exposure to sunlight in the early morning. Fish , cod liver oil , milk , cheese , margarine , liver , meat.

10. DEFICIENCY Rickets in children is characterized by bone deformities due to incomplete mineralization. Osteomalacia in adults. Causing enlargement and softening of bones. Delay in teeth formation. Decreased serum calcium. Deformation of muscles : potbelly due to weakness of abnomial muscles.

11. VITAMIN-E( Tocopherol ) Vit -E is known as anti- sterility vitamin. Its activity in food derives from 4 tocopherols ( α , β , γ , δ ) and four tocotrienols . It has antioxidant property.

12. FUNCTIONS Essential for normal reproduction. Act as an electron acceptor in electron transport system in mitochondria. Involved in the protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Has anti- inflammatory role . Acts as co enzyme at the molecular level. SOURCES Vegetable oils includes germ oil ,sunflower oil , corn oil , margarine.

13. DEFICIENCY Imparied absorption , Obstructive jaundice in premature infants. Sterility in males ,reproductive failure in females. Liver serosis , muscular dystrophy.

14. VITAMIN – K ( ANTI HEMORRHAGIC) VITAMIN It is having a specific co-enzyme . Vit -K exists in different forms . Vit-K1 ( Phylloquinone ) –present in plants. Vit-K2 ( Menaquinone ) – present by the intestinal bacteria and also found in animals. Vit-K3 ( Menadione ) – synthetic form of Vit K

15. FUNCTIONS Vit –K concerned with blood clotting factors It brings post translational modification of certain blood clotting factors. The clotting factors II,VII, IX, X, are synthesized as inactive precursors in the liver. Synthesis pro thrombin mainly. SOURCE Vit – K1: Green leafy vegetables. Vit –K2: Intestinal bacteria. Vit-K3:Vegetable oil.

16. DEFICIENCY Hypothrombinemia : Increased blood coagulation time . May affect bone growth and development . Mal absorption of lipids leads to Vit – K deficiency Gastrointestinal infections with diarrhea. Newborns lack intestinal flora.

17. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS These vitamins are easily lost during cooking and washing . Hence more amounts should be supplied.

18. VITAMIN – C (ASCORBIC ACID) Stable to acid conditions , stable in dry form ,unstable when exposed to heat , light , alkali conditions. Undergoes rapid oxidation on exposure to air and moisture .

19. FUNCTIONS Formation of collagen. Involved in wound healing process. Involved in the metabolism of tyrosine. Involved in lipid – cholesterol metabolism. SOURCE Amla Guava Citrus Fruits

20. DEFICIENCY Failure of osteoblastic function. Periosteum : Proliferation of fibroblast , hemorrhage can occur easily. Defective dentine formation , Anemia. Adrenal failure Scurvy.

21. Vitamin-B1(THIAMINE) Stable in acid solution .Destroyed by neutral or alkaline solution.Destroyed by heat .normal cooking temperatures do not cause much destruction .

22. FUNCTIONS Essential for growth and maintenance Coenzyme TTP(thiamine pyro phosphate) involved in release of energy from carbohydrates. Essential for breakdown of pyruvic acid. Maintenance of muscle tone , appetite , healthy mental attitude. SOURCE Unrefined cereal grains( rice,wheat ), legumes(beans),liver, kidney,milk

23. DEFICIENCY Beri beri,problem with peripheral nerves & waisting . Anorexia can develop Cardiovascular symptoms

24. VIT-B2(RIBOFLAVIN) First isolated from egg white. Yellowish green flourscent material. Stimulates the growth. Occurs in yellowish orange crystals. Acids and heat had no destructuive effect. Easily destroyed by alkalies and light .

25. FUNCTIONS It is called as growth promoting factor Two co-enzymes forms are FMN( flavin mono nucleotide) and FAD ( flavin adenine dinucleotide ) they are concerned in electron transport chain. Retina contains B2,it stimulates optic nerve SOURCE Eggs , kidneys ,liver , green vegetables, fortified cereals ,bread , grain products.

26. DEFICIENCY Cheilosis:red lips with cracks at corner of the mouth. Glositis:swollen and reddened tongue. Oral and facial lesions – skin. Ocular lesions-eye.

27. VITAMIN-B3(NIACIN) Occurs in colorless ,needless like that have a bitter taste. It is not destroyed by acids,alkalies,light,air or heat.

28.  FUNCTIONS it is a component of two co-enzyme NAD( nicotinamide adenine dineucleotide phosphate) components of niacine are involved in glycolysis , tissue respiration and fat synthesis normal functioning of skin,intestinal tract,nervous system  SOURCE  yeast,liver,ground nut,cereals,legumes,meat,fish

29. DEFICIENCY Pellagra:characterized by dermatitis, diarrhoea,depresion . Glossitis are usually present.

30. VITAMIN-B5(PANTOTHENIC ACID) Derived from greek word Panthos meaning everywhere. Co-enzyme A of B5 is involved in acetylation reactions. Commercially available as Na or Ca salts. Slightly sweet taste. Little loss occurs on cooking.

31. FUNCTIONS Synthesis of fatty acids,cholestrol,sterol,porpherin Essential for growth Necessary for making blood cells. Conversions of proteins , carbohydrates, fats into energy. SOURCE Liver, kidney, yeast , egg yolk, fresh vegetables, cereals , milk

32. DEFICIENCY Paresthesias : sensation of tingling, pricking of skin. Anemia Insomnia Reduced immunity: impaired antibody response.

33. VITAMIN-B6(PYRIDOXINE) Three closely related compounds-pyridoxine , pyridoxal and pyridoxamine . The co-enzyme form of vit-B6 is pyridoxine-5-phosphate( pyridoxal phosphate)

34. FUNCTIONS Essential for conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Helps in removal of oxalates in urine ( oxaluria ). Normal reproduction. Involved in immune function. Helps in the lowering the cholestrol level. SOURCE Dried yeast,meat,wheat bran.

35. DEFICIENCY Epiphytic fits(nervous irritability)& convultions . Atherosclerosis & hypercholesterolemia. Reproduction failure. Dermatitis.

36. VITAMIN-B7(BIOTIN) Formerly known as vitamin-H or co-enzyme R Toxic factor in the egg while responsible for disorder called avidin When eggs are cooked avidin gets destroyed

37. FUNCTIONS Lipid synthesis from acetate Propionic acid synthesis by rumen bacteria Leucine catabolisim Conversion of amino acids and propionate to glucose in liver Liver gluconeogenesis SOURCES Dried yeast, grain cereals , liver , peanuts , soyabean , legumes , milk.

38. DEFICIENCY Egg white injury Dermal lesions

39. VITAMIN-B9(FOLIC ACID) Yellow crystalline substance Unstable to light and acid. Stable to heat. Co-enzyme form of folic acid is 5-formile tetra hydrofolic acid( citrovorum ).

40. FUNCTION Maturation of RBC Megaloblastic anemia develops Muco protein synthesis Synthesis of nuclic acids,methionine and serine SOURCE Yeast,chicken liver,pulses,oil seeds,milk powder,spinach

41. DEFICIENCY Effects maturation and causes megaloblastic anemia Loss of weight,irregular fever in sever cases.

42. VITAMIN- B12( CYANOCOBALAMINE Two active forms of B12 are Cyanocobalamine and Hydroxycobalamine . Complex compound having single atom of Co

43. FUNCTIONS Metabolizing fats and protiens . Proper nerve function. Production of RBC Synthesis of DNA & nucleic acids. SOURCE Liver of goat,ox,pig,sheep,meat of goat,sheep , fish,egg . Plant foods supply NO VIT-B12.

44. DEFICIENCY Perinicious anemia

45. END BY K.NEHA ANANYA 111718012036