Voice Change and It's Rules : Grammar

Details about voice change.

1. VOICE Voice is the form of verb in the sentences that indicates whether the subject does the work or is acted upon.

2. ACTIVE VOICE The active voice is a grammatical voice used in sentences where the subject performs the action. It emphasizes the subject and directly states what it does. Breakdown of the active voice: Subject: The person or thing performing the action. Verb: The action word. Object: The person or thing receiving the action. Example: Active voice: The dog chased the cat. Subject: The dog, Verb: chased, Object: the cat In this sentence, the dog is actively performing the action of chasing, making it the subject. The cat is receiving the action and is therefore the object.

3. PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice emphasizes the action or the object, rather than the subject. It uses a form of "to be" (e.g., is, was, will be) followed by the past participle of the verb. Example: (Here Object will be Subject & Subject will be object) Passive voice: The cat was chased by the dog. Subject: The cat Verb: was chased Object: the dog In this sentence, the action of chasing is emphasized, but the dog is not directly stated as the subject. Instead, the cat is the subject, and the dog is mentioned in a prepositional phrase.

4. Sub of active voice will be obj in passive voice & there will be ‘By’ before that obj. Obj of active voice will be subj in passive voice. The main verb of active voice will be in past participle & according to tense & there will be helping verb before main verb. ACTIVE VOICE CONVERTED TO PASSIVE VOICE INTERROGATIVE CONVERTED TO PASSIVE VOICE Int. Active: Do I buy a book? Assertive Active: I buy a book. Assertive Passive: A book is bought by me. Int. Passive: Is a book bough by me?

5. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE Subject + main Verb ( Present form) If Active voice’s sentence is in Present Indefinite, then passive voice’s sub according to helping verb will be am, is, are. Active: I drink water Passive: Water is drunk by me Active: He kicks the ball Sub Obj Passive: The ball is kicked by him. Int. Active: Do you play football? Asser. Active: You play football. Asser. Passive: Football is played by you. Int. Passive: Is football played by you. Nominative Object I We You He / She They Me Us You Him/her them

6. If there is two object of verb in Active voice, then one object will be subject and other one will be object. In Passive voice which is remain as object will be as retained object. Active: He gives me a pen. Obj Obj Passive: A pen is given me by him. Retained object Passive: I am given a pen by him. Retained object Active: I teach him English. Passive: English is taught him by me. He is taught English by me.

7. More Examples Active : I know him Passive : He is known to me. (there will be ‘to’ after know not ‘by’) Active : Who teach you English? Passive : By whom are you taught English? Active : What do you want? Passive : What is wanted by you? Active : Whom do you want? Passive : Who is wanted by you? Active : Which pen do you want? Passive : Which pen is wanted by you? Active : I do not eat rice. Passive : Rice is not eaten by me.

8. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + am/is/are+ main Verb’s ing form If Active voice’s sentence is in Present Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ am being, is being, are being.’ Example: Active : She is making a cup of tea Passive : A cup of tea is being made by her. Active : We are making boxes. Passive : Boxes are being made by us. Active : Is he singing a song? Passive : Is a song being sung by him? Active : Riya is not working out the sum. Passive : The sum is not being worked out by Riya.

9. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Subject + have/has + main Verb (past participle form) If Active voice’s sentence is in Present perfect, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ has been / have been.’ Example: Active : He has broken the chairs. Passive : The chairs have been broken by him. Active : Has he left the hostel? He has left the hostel. Passive : Has the hostel been left by him? Active : Tuhin has lost his pen. Passive : His pen has been lost by Tuhin. Active : Who has done the sum? Passive : By whom has the sum been done?

10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + have/has been+ main Verb (+ing form) If Active voice’s sentence is in Present Perfect Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ has been being/ have been being.’ Example: Active : He has been reading this book since morning. Passive : This book has been being read by him since morning. Active : She has been taking a cup of tea . Passive : A cup of tea has been being taken by her. Active : Ram has been learning his lessons . Passive : His lessons have been being learnt by Ram.

11. Tense Identifying way Rules of voice 1. P. Indefinite Subject + main Verb ( Present form) Am/is/are+ main verb's Past participle + By before object 2. P. Continuous Subject + am/is/are+ main Verb’s ing form Is being/am being/ are being + same other rules 3. P. Perfect Subject + have/has + main Verb (past participle form) Have been/has been + same as before. 4. P. Perfect Cont. Subject + have/has been+ main Verb (+ing form) Has been being/ have been being + same as before. Overall Rules of Voice according to Present Tense

12. PAST INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSE Subject + main Verb (past form) If Active voice’s sentence is in Past Indefinite, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ was/ were.’ Examples: Active : He broke a glass. Passive : A glass was broken by him. Active : Who broke the glass? Passive : By whom was the glass broken? Active : She did not drink milk. Passive : Milk was not drunk by her.

13. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + was/were + main verb + ing If Active voice’s sentence is in Past Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ was being/ were being.’ Examples: Active : He was doing the sum. Passive : The sum was being done by him. Active : They were driving the cars. Passive : The cars were being driven by them. Active : Was Meena eating rice with her father? Passive : Was rice being eaten by Meena with her father?

14. PAST PERFECT TENSE Subject + had + main verb’s past participle If Active voice’s sentence is in Past Perfect, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ had been.’ Examples: Active : He had done the work before I came. Passive : The work had been done by him before I came. Active : The milk man had sold her milk before I went there. Passive : Her milk had been sold by the milkman before. Active : He had spoken English Passive : English had been spoken by him.

15. If Active voice’s sentence is in Past Perfect Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ had been being.’ Examples: Active : He had been doing the work. Passive : The work had been being done by him. Active : He had been speaking English Passive : English had been being spoken by him. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + had been + main verb + ing

16. Overall Rules of Voice according to Past Tense Tense Identifying way Rules of voice 1. P. Indefinite Subject + main Verb ( Past form) was/were+ main verb's Past participle + By before object 2. P. Continuous Subject + was/were+ main Verb’s ing form) Was being/ were being + main verb’s Past participle + By before object 3. P. Perfect Subject + had+ main Verb (past participle form) Had been + main verb’s Past participle + same as before. 4. P. Perfect Cont. Subject + had been+ main Verb (+ing form) Had been being + same as before.

17. FUTURE INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSE Subject + shall/will+ main Verb (present form) If Active voice’s sentence is in Future Indefinite, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ shall be/will be.’ Example: Active : I shall do the work. Passive : The work will be done by me. Active : He will not help me. Passive : I will not be helped by him. Active : Will you do the sum? Passive : Will the sum be done by you? Active : I would buy a pen. (conditional) Passive : A pen would be bought by me.

18. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + shall be/ will be + main verb + ing If Active voice’s sentence is in Future Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ shall be being/ will be being.’ Example: Active : I shall be doing the work. Passive : The work will be being done by me. Active : He will not be helping me. Passive : I will not be being helped by him. Active : Will you be helping me in my danger? Passive : Shall I be being helped by you in my danger?

19. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Subject + shall have/ will have + main verb’s past participle If Active voice’s sentence is in Future Perfect, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ shall have been/will have been.’ Example: Active : I shall have done this work. Passive : This work will have been done by me. Active : Rina will not have heard this. Passive : This will not have been heard by Rina. Active : Will Renu have heard this? Passive : Will this have been heard by Renu?

20. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Subject + shall have been/ will have been + main verb + ing If Active voice’s sentence is in Future Perfect Continuous, then passive voice’s helping verb according to subject will be ‘ shall have been being/will have been being.’ Example: Active : I shall have been doing this work. Passive : This work will have been being done by me.

21. Overall Rules of Voice according to Future Tense Tense Identifying way Rules of voice 1. F. Indefinite Subject + shall/will+ main Verb (present form) Shall be/will be+ main verb's Past participle + By before object 2. F. Continuous Subject + shall be/ will be + main verb + ing Shall be being/will be being + main verb’s Past participle + By before object 3. F. Perfect Subject + shall have/ will have + main verb’s past participle Shall have been/will have been + main verb’s Past participle + same as before. 4. F. Perfect Cont. Subject + shall have been/ will have been + main verb + ing Shall have been being/will have been being + same as before.

22. PASSIVE VOICE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE Transitive Verb’s of Imperative Sentence means order, request, advise etc will use in starting Let for making passive voice. Let will be before object. If sentence will be in Negative then after Let not will be used to make passive. ‘Be verb’ will be added before main verb’s Past participle. In Imperative sentence’s have ‘ please ’ before it then in passive’s case please will be exchanged with you are requested . In passive voice’s intransitive verb’s don’t have any voice, in that case you are requested added for passive. Passive can also be made with the help of Should & be Verb. Structure: Let + Object + be + verb’s Past participle. Negative: Let + not + Object + be + verb’s Past participle.

23. Active Passive Do the sum Break the gate. Tell him to go at once. Do not do the work. Please go there at once. Please shut the window. Obey your parents. Prepare for the future. Let the sum be done. Let the gate be broken. Let him be told to go at once. Let not the work be done. You are requested to go there at once. You are requested to shut the window. Your parents should be obeyed. Be prepared for the future.

24. SENTENCE STARTING WITH “LET” If sentence starts with Let in Active voice, then Passive voice is also starts with Let. Active : Let do the sum Passive: Let the sum be done by us. COGNATE OBJECT IN VOICE Cognate objects are nouns that are related in meaning to the verb they follow. They often repeat or clarify the meaning of the verb. In passive voice, the cognate object becomes the subject of the sentence, and the original subject (if included) becomes the object of the preposition "by.“ Active: He slept a sound sleep. Passive: A sound sleep was slept by him. Active: They danced a happy dance. Passive: A happy dance was danced by them. Active Voice: Structure: Verb + Cognate Object Example: She lived a life of luxury. He fought a good fight. Passive Voice: Structure: Cognate Object + Verb (past participle) + by (optional) Example: A life of luxury was lived by her. A good fight was fought by him.

25. REFLEXIVE OBJECT Reflexive objects are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence. They often end in "-self" or "-selves." For example: "He hurt himself.“ Reflexive object never be used as Subject in voice. Active: He killed himself. Passive: He was killed by himself. Active: They congratulated themselves on their victory. Passive: The victory was congratulated by themselves. QUASI PASSIVE VERB Quasi passive verb is active in structural way but passive in meaning. Subject in active will be same in passive. There will be verb ‘to be’ after subject according to tense & then adjective will be added. When will come after adjective and then it/they will be added according to first subject. Again, according to tense ‘be verb’ adding after main verb’s past participle. Active: The rose smells sweet. Passive: The rose is sweet when it is smelt. Active: The medicine tastes sour. Passive: The medicine is sour when it is tasted.

26. . . VERBS WITHOUT COMPLEMENT Active: The drums are beating. Passive: The drums are being beaten. Active: The cow is milking. Passive: The cow is being milked. Active: The house is building. Passive: The house is being built. PASSIVE VOICE OF INFINITIVES Active: There is no time to lose. Passive: There is no time to be lost. Active: He ordered to beat the boy. Passive: He ordered the boy to be beaten.

27. PASSIVE VOICE OF COMPLEX SENTENCE To change voice of Complex sentence, principal and subordinate both clause needed to be changed. In these case ‘Introductory It’ will be used. Active: He knows that the boy did the work. Passive: It is known to him that the work was done by the boy. Active: We know that Alexander invaded India. Passive: It is known to us that India was invaded by Alexander. Active: He told me what he had done. Passive: What he had done was told by him. If there is no Speaker/doer mentioned in passive, then subjective needed to be assumed to make active voice according to sentence, Passive: He is called a giant. Active: People call him a giant. Passive: Rome was not built in a day Active: People did not build Rome in a day. Passive: Hazar Duari is called a place of historical importance. Active: People (Everybody calls) call Hazar Duari a place of historical importance.

28. PASSIVE VOICE OF PREPOSITION Some times Passive voice’s By is replaced by ‘at, to, with’ etc preposition used. Active: I know Prof. Roy Passive: Prof. Roy is known to me. Active: A gentle breeze filled the room. Passive: The room was filled with a gentle breeze. Active: His behaviour shocked me. Passive: I was shocked at his behaviour. In active voice sentence’s modal auxiliaries can, could, shall, should, may, might presence will be changed in passive voice and before main verb can be, could be, may be, should be etc. Active: He could do the sum. Passive: The sum could be done by him. Active: We should obey our teachers. Passive: Our teachers should be obeyed by us.

29. THANK YOU - Sarnali Paul