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3. Background of
the Study

4. References

5. Review of
Related
Literature

6. Review of
Related Studies

7. Procedure

8. Material

9. Research
Design

10. Flow Chart

11. Objectives

12. Statement of the
Problem

13. Hypothesis

14. Scientific Basis

15. Scope and
Limitations

16. Significance o
the Study

17. Variables

18. Paper plays a very important role especially in our
country which is the Philippines. It provides the needs of
students, and employees in their daily work that requires
paper, paper has many uses such as; printing, writing,
newspaper, books, magazine, and you can even use it in
our kitchen. Papers have a lot of uses, a billion of uses but,
papers also harm billions of trees, that means many animals
are also affected because their natural habitat is gone. By
this problem the Researcher thinks of a study about
producing paper out of Talisay fruit husk and coconut
husks.

19. Through this study it can avoid harming the trees, the
Researcher thinks of making a paper that is affordable, and
safe to environment. The Researcher thought of making
an eco-friendly paper that can help people to have a paper
that is environmental-friendly that is harmless and could
help many people, and lessen the issue of deforestation.
According to WWP report, ‘paper pulp industry is facing
difficult challenges that is related to deforestation, this is
because of these sectors, which makes product such as
office and catalog paper, glossy paper, tissue, and paper-
based packaging, accounts for 13–15% of total wood
consumption and uses between 33–40% of all industrial
wood traded globally’.

20. The article states that forest practices associated with
unsustainable pulp and paper operations have had
devastating impacts on some of the world's most
ecologically important places and species. These practices
include illegal harvesting, human rights and social
conflicts, and irresponsible plantation development. In
these days it is difficult to produce paper due to the
destruction of forests and loss of biodiversity.

21. The manufacture of pulp and paper is primarily made
from raw materials consisting of wood chips and recycled
paper. The paper industry that utilizes wood as raw
material has a significant contribution to deforestation
leading to climate change, species loss, perturbation in
water cycle, soil erosion only to mention a few (Nausheen
Jaffur & Pratima Jeetah, 2019). “When you make paper
from plants, you get an interesting texture that can serve as
a background to anything that you want to put on top of it
- you can use pencil, a variety of paints, natural dyes and
inks, depending on how the paper is sized” she said. “The
paper becomes part of the art, rather than just the backdrop
for it.” (Emily Ellis, 2021).

22. The Researcher came up with a solution to this by making a
paper made from the husk of Talisay fruit and coconut husk,
the Researcher thought of making a paper made from Talisay
fruit and coconut husk to avoid the growth of deforestation that
harm the environment. The Researcher think of the study by
using Talisay fruit husk as an alternative paper bag, Talisay fruit
or Tropical Almond Fruit (Terminalia Catappa) known as
“Talisay” in the Philippines, is the large tropical tree in the
leadwood tree family that is native to Asia, Australia, the
Pacific, Madagascar and Seychelles, Tropical Almond fruit husk
has the potential to be an alternative paper, and use Coconut
Husk (Cocos nucifera) or locally known as “Bunot” are
common in the Philippines, Calabarzon, Zamboanga Peninsula,
Davao, and Northern Mindanao.

23. The Researcher think that this study might help the
community, and country especially the students and
employee that needs to use paper this can also help to have
an alternative and eco-friendly paper that can avoid
deforestation and also this study can help people to have a
cheap and affordable paper.

24. Talisay paper was compared to commercially available
Manila paper in terms of its microscopic fibers and tensile
strength. As a result, in microscopic fibers under compound
light microscope, Talisay paper did not match the Manila
paper's trait but shows enough compactness to be a paper
substitute. Meanwhile in tensile strength, tearing force of
three samples with varying thickness of 0.13mm, 0.5mm, and
1mm are tested respectively. Sample 1, Manila paper got the
lowest tearing force of 9.43 N, sample 2 with 11.37 N, and
sample 3 with 13.93 N. Using a force sensor, Talisay paper
surpassed the typical tearing force of Manila Paper, thus,
making the Talisay leaf fibers effective as wood-free paper
substitute. (Angelo E. Plandano, et. al., 2018)

25. According to the research study of Britannica, headed by
Kenneth W. Britt, the cell walls of all plants contain fibres of
cellulose, an organic material known to chemists as a linear
polysaccharide. It constitutes about one-third of the structural
material of annual plants and about one-half that of perennial
plants. Cellulose fibres have high strength and durability.
They are readily wetted by water, exhibiting considerable
swelling when saturated, and are hygroscopic—i.e., they
absorb appreciable amounts of water when exposed to the
atmosphere. Even in the wet state, natural cellulose fibres
show no loss in strength. It is the combination of these
qualities with strength and flexibility that makes cellulose of
unique value for paper manufacture. (Kenneth W. Britt
2020)

26. The raw materials used in papermaking can be classified
into three groups: wood, non-wood, and recycled
wastepaper. The non-wood raw material is an important
fiber resource in the regions where forest resources are
limited. The current usage of non-wood plant fibers, as rice
straws, corn stalks, cotton stalks, and bagasse would play a
chief role in increasing papermaking raw materials. Using of
non-wood plant fibers in the paper industry associated with
some problems, including collection, transportation, storage
and handling, washing, bleaching, papermaking, chemical
recovery, supply of raw material and the properties of
finished paper. (Essam Saber Abd El-Sayed, et. al., 2020)

27. The main source of cellulosic fibre used for pulp and
paper production comes from wood, while non-wood fibres
are used to a lesser extent. However, a renewed interest exists
in the use of non-woody raw materials due to their
abundance as source of low-cost fibres and because they are
sometimes the only exploitable source of fibres in certain
geographical areas, mainly in developing countries.
Moreover, the great variety of characteristics, fibre
dimensions and chemical composition of these alternative
raw materials give them a great potential to produce different
types of papers. (María Eugenia Eugenio, et. al., 2019)

28. One approach to make the production of cup plant-based
paper even more eco-friendly would therefore be to switch
to contemporary integrated paper machines. An increase in
the share of cup plant fibres in the paper is furthermore
expected to have a positive impact on the material’s
ecological balance, as the production of cup plant fibres has a
lower impact on the environment than the production of
cellulose. (interpack, 2020)

29. The production process for paper and cardboard made
from virgin wood fibers is very energy- and water-intensive.
Cellulose fibers, which are the basis for paper products, must
be separated from lignin, hemicellulose, and resins. For this
purpose, the debarked wood in the form of wood chips is
boiled in the sulphate process with sodium hydroxide and
sodium sulphide at temperatures around 170 °C/175 °C,
under high pressure for two to three hours. (Dr. KERSTIN
HERMUTH- KLEINSCHMIDT, 2021)

30. Population growth, better literacy, and development of
communication and industrialization in developing countries
increase worldwide paper products demand continuously [1].
In 2005, 17.4 million metric tons (9.27%) of nonwood fibers
from 187.6 million metric tons global production of virgin
pulp for paper and paperboard are produced [2]. In many
countries, quantities of available wood are insufficient to
meet the requirements and demands of pulp and paper
especially in Mediterranean countries like Spain, Italy, and
Greece [3–5]. In Malaysia, over one million tons of papers
were produced in 2005 [6].

31. This would mean that more tropical trees need to be felled to
sustain papermaking industry to meet the paper requirement
and demand. To reduce the loss of rainforests, an attempt was
made to find the alternative source of fiber for paper. Some
alternatives have been used to replace the wood fiber with
nonwood derived fibers [1] from agriculture residues such as
wheat and rice straw, sorghum stalks, jute, and hemp for
paper production [7, 8]. (Nordiah Bidin, et. al., 2015)

32. In paper making, a dilute suspension of fibres in water is
drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly
interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is removed from this
mat of fibres by pressing and drying to make paper. Since the
invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the 19th century,
most paper has been made from wood pulp because of cost.
But other fibre sources such as cotton and textiles are used for
high-quality papers. (Lily Young, 2016)

33. This research study aims to: (1) To assist the paper
industry in acquiring further information regarding Talisay
fruit husk and coconut husk in order to produce
environmentally friendly paper. (2) To produce paper that is
safe for the environment and can stop cutting trees and avoid
deforestation. (3) To provide the needs of the students,
employees and other works that requires paper.

34. The main problem of this study is (1) How many grams
of Talisay fruit husks and coconut husks are required to
produce a specific quantity of paper? And the sub problems
are (1) To produce paper from a mixture of Talisay fruit
husks and coconut husks, how long does it take for the
mixture to dry and transform into paper? (2) What is the
effect of blending the Talisay’s husk and Coconut husk to the
process of making the mixture of the paper? (3) How will
boiling affect the efficiency or the ability of Talisay and
Coconut husk to produce paper?

35. The research study may hypothesize that (1) If the
Researcher measure the right amount of the Talisay husk and
Coconut husk, then it will result to satisfaction of the desire
paper (2) If the mixture is not much wet, and the damp cloth
absorb the remaining water that comes from the boiling,
then the mixture of paper will be dried immediately (3) If we
blend the Talisay husk and the Coconut husk before making
the mixture of the paper, then the process of making the
mixture of the paper will be much easier because it is grind
and it can easily mix to the binding agent (4) If we boil the
husks of Talisay fruit and Coconut before making the
mixture of the paper, then it will be much easier to mix and
to form the paper easily.

36. Paper making or pulp production requires cellulose fibers
to make a paper, this component of raw material is very
important for making an plant-based paper, the combination
of Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk has the ability to be a
paper because of the richness in cellulose fibers, this content
is important presence in the raw material for making a paper,
this content provide the strength and flexibility of the paper,
this specifically means that the combination of Talisay fruit
husk and Coconut husk as a eco-friendly paper is feasible.

37. Because of the presence of cellulose fibers this study on
Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk as a eco-friendly paper
is scientifically possible, because of the presence of the
content, so this scientifically means making a eco-friendly
paper that is made out of Talisay fruit husk and Coconut
husk is feasible, by boiling the Talisay fruit husk and
Coconut husk and grinding the raw materials, the Researcher
will mix it the binding agent to improve the strength and
texture of the paper, binding agent or the corn starch is very
important in making the product to improve the texture and
strength and to finally make the entire mixture to make a
paper.

38. This present study aims to make an eco-friendly paper with
the use of Talisay fruit husk combined with coconut husk.
The study is specifically interested to the components of
Talisay fruit husk and coconut husk that can help in making
an eco-friendly paper to lessen wood cutting or deforestation
and to have an affordable paper. The Researcher will focus on
the ability of Talisay fruit husk and coconut husk to form a
paper, the Researcher will also focus on the strength and
texture of the paper. In short, the Researcher will not include
other uses of the raw material rather than paper uses. The
influence of different type of binding agent for the paper
production, to have the strength and texture of the paper is
not included in this study.

39. This study will benefit the following: (1) Consumers; This
study on paper production that is made out of Talisay fruit
husk and Coconut husk provides consumer an alternative
environmentally friendly paper, this study will also help the
consumers to raise awareness about environmentally friendly
paper options and to have a healthy environmental living,
this study can help the consumers to have an affordable and
environmentally friendly paper. (2) Government Agencies;
This study can help in a way of contributing knowledge and
information regarding to paper that is made out of Talisay
fruit husk and Coconut husk, this can also help to prevent the
wood cutting or deforestation.

40. (3) Environmental Organization; This study can help and
support the development of the environmentally friendly
paper production and skills that the Researcher will get in the
Research findings, this study can help to reduce the process of
paper production that can harm our environment. (4) Paper
Production Industry; This study of environmentally friendly
paper production on Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk
can provide an additional information about producing paper
that is made out of Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk, and
also this study can help in a way of giving the paper
production industry to have an additional information and
strategy about producing paper that is less harm in our
environment.

41. (5) Environment; This study will benefit the environment in
a way of preventing the cutting of the trees and avoid the
deforestation, and this study can also lessen the
environmental harm because this study uses less harm to the
trees. (6) Present and Future Researcher; This study on
Talisay fruit husk and coconut husk can help both present
and future Researcher as a reference on making their own
research problem. This study can be used to get information
and data about the research. (7) The Researcher; Making a
paper that is eco-friendly allows the Researcher to create
more helpful and safer to the environment, and this study
could also help to the future generations to have a greener
future.

42. Future generations might conduct a study about the ability of
Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk as a paper, this study
could serve as a guide to their research study.

43. The researcher will consider the following variables:
Independent Variable of this study is the amount of the
Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk put in the mixture. The
Dependent Variable of this study are: durability, strength,
flexibility, in short, the quality of the paper. The Control
Variable of this study is the amount of water that is added
into the binding agent.

44. In doing the experiment of this study the Researcher
will use gloves to keep the Researcher safe to handle things
and materials that will be use during the experiment, and
blender to grind the Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk,
and damp cloth for the drying and to absorb the moisturize
water of the boiled Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk,
rolling pin to flatten the Talisay fruit husk and coconut husk
mixture, beaker is used to measure the water, casserole is use
to serve as container of the Talisay fruit husk and coconut
husk, spoon to measure the amount of cornstarch, screen
board is used as a place where the mixture is placed and it is
used to flatten the mixture to form a paper, weighing scale is
also used to measure the different amount of Talisay fruit
husk an Coconut husk.

45. Talisay fruit husk this serve as the main raw material,
coconut husk serves as the texture enhancer, cornstarch is use
as the binding agent to ensure the strength and durability of
the paper.

46. The procedures on the experimentation of this study
will be conducted in the researcher’s house. Videos and
pictures will also be taken during the experimentation to
serve as proof. The Researcher will use, 500 grams dried fruit
husk of Talisay and 500 grams of Coconut husk, and another
set that has 300 grams of Talisay fruit husk and 300 grams of
Coconut husk and another set for 200 grams of Talisay fruit
husk. The Researcher will boil the three different amount
each set of Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk in 900ml of
water in the casserole each set until soften. Then the
Researcher will prepare the blender with 700 ml of water
each set, and added with boiled Coconut husk and Talisay
fruit husk, after blending the ground Talisay fruit husk

47. and Coconut Husk poured in a basin with a damp cloth on
the top of the basin so that the excess water will be
separated/evaporated, the Researcher will separate each sets,
after the process the ground Talisay Fruit husk and the
Coconut husk will be placed in a bowl and put 40 grams of
cornstarch in the first set which has a 500 grams of Talisay
fruit and Coconut husks, and put 30 grams of cornstarch in
the second set that has a 300 grams of Talisay fruit and
Coconut husk, and in the last set put 20 grams of corn starch
in a 200 grams of Talisay fruit and Coconut husk, after that
combined well. When the mixture is ready the three set of
different amounts of Talisay fruit and Coconut husks will be
transfer in the screen board and flatten it using a rolling pin
for the formation of paper size.

48. After that the three different set of papers should be placed
under the heat of sun to dry the paper.

49. In conducting the study, the Researcher will gather three
evaluators to test the durability and efficiency of the product
as a writing and decorative eco-friendly paper. The
Researcher will use the dried mixture or the finish product
paper out of Talisay fruit husk and Coconut husk, The
process will be done in 2 categories. Each material will be
given finish product of the paper that is made out of Talisay
fruit husk and Coconut husk, one is for writing materials
such as (pencil, pen, marker,) and the other one is for
decoration such as (glue, scissors, Design/Decorations).

50. The Researcher will also conduct a research design about the
length of time in drying the mixture of the paper, in this
research design. The Researcher will monitor the drying
process of the mixture, the process will be done in two set
ups. Each paper in different amount of Talisay fruit husk and
Coconut husk will be given a same place, same temperature.
It will be test on how long does it take to finish drying
process.

51. PAPER’S EFFECTIVENESS

52. LEGEND:
E#: Evaluator
X – Rating of evaluators to the product
W1: Pencil D1: Glue
W2: Pen D2: Scissors
W3: Marker D3: Design/Decorations
Evaluators possible ratings:
1- dislike extremely 2 – dislike slightly 3 – neither like
nor dislike
4 – like slightly 5 – like extremely

53. DURATION OF DRYING PROCESS

54. LEGEND:
S#: Set of Talisay fruit and Coconut husks
D#: Day
X: Rating of the Researcher
Researcher possible ratings:
1- dislike extremely 2 – dislike slightly 3 – neither like
nor dislike
4 – like slightly 5 – like extremely