Waste disposal ppt.pptx

Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial, Commercial, Domestic, and Agricultural.
Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries. ...
Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. ...
Domestic Waste. ...
Agricultural Waste.

1. Waste disposal methods in community set up DR.ANJALATCHI MUTHUKUMARAN VICE PRINCIPAL ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING ERA UNIVERSITY , LUCKNOW 226003

2. health professionals need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since improper disposal of waste constitutes a health hazard. Community health nurses should have through knowledge of all the aspects of refuse disposal. There are two important aspects of waste disposal, first is collection of waste and its transportation to the disposal points; and second is related to various methods of waste or refuse disposal. INTRODUCTION

3. Proper disposition of a discarded or discharge material in accordance with local environmental guideline or lows. - (Business Dictionary) DEFINITION

4. The term “solid waste” includes Garbage (food wastes) Rubbish (paper, plastic, wood, metal throwaway containers, glass,) Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes ) Sewage treatment residue. Dead animals, manure and other discorded materials. Solid wastes

5. The output of daily wastes depend upon the : dietary habits Life style Living standard The degree of urbanization and industrialization Solid waste produced ranges between 0.25-2.5kg in different countries. Outputs of daily wastes

6. Solid waste, if allowed to accumulate, is a health hazard because: It decomposes and favours fly breeding It attracts rodents and vermin The pathogens which may be present in the solid waste may be conveyed back to mans food through flies and dust. There is a possibility of water and soil pollution and Heaps of refuse present and unsightly appearance and nuisance from bad odors There is a correlation between improper disposal of solid waste and incidence of vector borne diseases.

7. Sources of refuse

8. The first consideration should be given to the proper storage of refuse, while awaiting collection. The galvanized steel dust bin Paper sack Public bins 1. The Galvanized steel dust bin - It is close fitting cover is suitable receptacle for storing refuse. In I ndia per capita is estimated to vary from 1/10 – 1/20 c. ft. For a family of 5 members, a bin having a capacity of 5/10 or ½ c. ft. Storage

9. 2- paper sack:-

10. Public bin cater for large number of peoples. They are usually without cover in India because people do not like to touch them. Kept on a concrete platform raised up to 2- 3 inch above the ground level. It handle and emptied mechanically by lorries fitted with cranes. 3- public bin:-

11. Methods of collection depends upon the funds available . House- to- house collection is by far the best methods of collecting refuse. Peoples are expected to dump the refuse in the nearest public bin , which is usually not done. Refuse is dispersed all along the street , & some is thrown out in front around the house. The environment hygiene committee (1949) recommndated that municipalities and other local bodies should arrange for collection of refuse not only from the public bins but also from individual. Collection:-

12. There is no single methods of refusal disposal which is equally suitable in all circumstance. The methods of waste disposal are:- Methods of disposal

13. Refuse is Dumped in low lying areas partly as a methods of reclaimed of land but mainly as an easy methods of disposal of dry refuse. As a result of bacterial action, refuse decrease considerably in volume and is converted gradually into humus. Kolkata disposes of its refuse by dumping and the reclaimed land is released out for cultivation. The drawbacks of DUMPING are :- To refuse is exposed to files and rodents . Drainage from dumps contributes to the pollution of surface and ground water. WHO expert committee(1967) condemned dumping as “ a most insanitary methods that creates public health hazards, a nuisance, and severe pollution of the environment. 1- Dumping

14. Controlled tipping and sanitary landfill is the most satisfactory methods of refuse disposal where suitable land is available . The term “ modifying sanitary landfill “ has been applied to those operations where compactions and covering are accomplished once or twice a week. three methods are used in this operation :- 1- the trench methods:- where level ground is available , the trench method is usually chosen. a long trench is dug out 2- 3 m (6-10ft) deep & 4- 12m, (12-36ft)wide, depending upon local conditions. The refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth 2- controlled tipping

15. 2- the ramp methods :- this methods is well suited where the terrain is moderately slopping. Some excavation is done to secure the covering material. 3- the area method:- this methods is use for filling land depression , discussed quarries and clay pits . The refuse is deposited , packed and consolidated in uniform layers up to 2 – 2.5 m (6- 8ft). Deep Each layer is sealed on its exposed surface with the mud cover at least 30 cm (12 inches) thick. Such sealing prevents infestation by files and rodents and prevents smell and dust. Cont….

16. Refuse can be disposed of hygienically by burning and incineration, It is the methods of choice where suitable land is not available. Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is best disposed by incineration. Incineration is practiced in several of the industrialized countries 3- Incineration

17. Composting is a methods of combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge. It is a process of nature where by organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in the formation of relatively stable humus – likes material , called the compost which has considerably manurial value for the soil. 4- composting

18. The heat produced during composting – 60 deg C higher , over a period of several days destroys eggs and larvae of flies , weed seeds and pathogens agents. The end- product is a good soil builder containing small amount of the major plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates . Methods of composting :- 1- Bangalore methods ( anaerobic methods ) 2- mechanical composting ( aerobic methods) Cont…

19. 1- Banglore methods ( anerobic method):- It is also known as hot fermentation process. Indian council of agriculture researches at the Indian institute of science , Bangalore . It has been recommended as a satisfactory methods of disposal to town waste and night soil. Trenches are dug 90 cm deep, 1.5 to 2.5m (5-8ft) broad and 4.5 to 10m (15-30ft) long. Depth greater than 90cm (3ft) are not recommendated because of slow decomposition . First layer- 15 cm (6 inch) thick is spread at the bottom of the trench. Second layer- night soil added corresponding to a thickness of 5cm . Third layer- refuse and night soil are added in the proportion of 15 cm and 5cm. The top layer- should be refuse , ate least 25 cm thickness. Cont..,,,,

20. After 7 days – heat (over 60 deg. C) is generated in the compost mass- intent heat which persist over 2 or 3 weeks- decomposes the refuse and night soil and to destroys all pathogenic & parasitic organism. After 4 to 6 months , decomposition is complete and the resulting manure is a well decomposed. Cont……

21. 2- mechanical composting:- Another methods of composting is known as “ mechanical composting” is becoming popular. In this literally manufactured on a large scale by processing raw materials and turning out a finished product . The entire process of composting is complete in4- 6 weeks . This methods of composting is in vogue in some of developing countries , eg . Holland, Germany , Israel. the government of India is considering the instillation of mechanical composting plants in selected cities . eg . New Delhi , locknow , kanpur Mumbai have offered to join the government for setting up pilot plants for mechanical composting . Cont…..

22. The problems of refuse disposal in rural areas can be solved by digging “manure pits” by the individual householders. The garbage's , cattle dung , straw and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits and covert with earth after each days dumping . This methods of refuse disposal is effectives and relatively simple in rural communities. 5- manure pits

23. This methods is suitable for small camp. 6- burial

24. Refuse disposal cannot be solved without public education. Public education

25. If refuse disposal is to be carried out effectively , hygienically and economically , heavy capital outlay will be needed whatever system of disposal is adopted . In the highly industrialized countries up to 20 percent of municipal budgets are spent on the collection and disposal of solid waste. Economic and finance:-

26. An organization was formed-the international solid waste and public cleansing association (ISWA) in 1970.to assist counties in the general or endeavor to improve sanitary services . A WHO international reference centre has also been setup in Switzerland to collect , evaluates and disseminates information on wastes- disposal practices and to foster research. International cooperation

27. Thank you