Waste management

types of waste
Management of Biomedical waste
E waste

1. Waste Management Dr Jincy Agnal Senior Resident Dept of Community Medicine Govt Medical College Thiruvananthapuram

2. Contents Waste Classification Sources Magnitude of the problem Public health importance of waste management Ideal waste management system Present status of waste management in India Integrated solid waste management

3. Contents E-waste – effects , sources, mgt Hazardous waste Biomedical waste Liquid waste Challenges faced in management of waste

4. Introduction Waste is being generated everywhere. Waste comes from our homes, schools, colleges, hospitals, markets, industries, agriculture and commercial places.

5. Rapid urbanization, Constant change in consumption pattern and social behaviour Problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and global environment.

6. Waste Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. ( European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production ) ** Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.

7. Types of waste on the basis of their physical state Solid waste Liquid waste Gaseous waste

8. On the basis of Bio-degradability Biodegradable wastes Non–Biodegradable wastes

9. On basis on effects on human health Hazardous waste Non – hazardous waste

10. Sources Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Municipal Solid Waste (Construction and Demolition) Treatment Facilities Agricultural

11. Solid waste Solid waste is commonly called Garbage . It includes only non-liquid wastes Three types of Solid Waste House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste Industrial waste or Hazardous waste Hospital waste or Biomedical waste

12. Magnitude Of Problem(INDIA) Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per annum Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually

13. Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated. Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

14. Public health importance of waste management Poor waste handling and disposal  environmental pollution  breeding   of disease-vector insects, animal scavengers and rodents  diseases  Public or community nuisance due to foul odour and unsightliness  Obstruction of drainage systems Fire hazards.

15. The ideal waste management system: • Provide a customised and robust handling of all waste with a minimum of effort for the customer Result in the lowest possible load on the environment • Provide a maximum of resource recovery from the waste while minimising use of resource in the waste handling

16. Ideal WM contd.. Provide only little impact on the city with respect to traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic accidents and spill of waste • Include proper architectural considerations in establishing waste collection and treatment facilities. Economical ly acceptable!

17. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Domestic waste thrown on streets Trade waste on roads / streets Construction debris left unattended Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste stream Industrial waste disposed off in open areas.

18. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Segregation and storage of waste at source is lacking Segregation of recyclable waste at source not done Design & location of municipal waste storage depots inappropriate, resulting in littering of garbage .

19. Contd.. Street sweeping not done everyday Waste transportation done in open vehicles Final disposal done through crude dumping Rag pickers collect recyclables from municipal bins / dumpsites and litter the waste causing insanitary conditions

20. HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS :-

21. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) :- Comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.

22. Focus of the ISWM program includes : Assessment of present condition and organizational set up. Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste to the greatest extent possible. Co-operate to the extent practicable in recycling programs conducted by the civilian community

23. Facilitating community participation in solid waste management activities intellectual input – research on design, materials, concept. Financial support towards infrastructure and maintenance. Privatize solid waste management facilities or contract for waste disposal services, including recycling.

24. Complying with applicable regulations regarding solid waste management and recycling. Overall monitoring and co-ordination.

25. 3 approaches in ISWM Life-cycle based Generation based Management based

26. 1. Lifecycle-based Integrated Solid Waste Management Based on lifecycle assessment of a product from its production and consumption point of view.

27. 2 Generation-based Integrated Solid Waste Management :- based on its generation from different sources including domestic, commercial, industrial and agriculture.

28. 3. Management-based Integrated Solid Waste Management :- Includes regulations and laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology and infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders.

29. Solid waste disposal On-site disposal Composting Incineration Open dumps Sanitary landfills

30. E waste E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods which are not fit for their originally intended use. Such electronics goods may be television, telephones, radios, computers, printers, fax machines, DVDs and CDs etc.

31. Sources of E-waste IT and Telecom Equipments Large and small Household Appliances Consumer & Lighting Equipments Electrical & Electronic Tools Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment Medical Devices Monitoring & Control Instruments

32. Health effects Electronics products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of different toxins. For example, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) contain heavy metals such as Lead, Barium and Cadmium, which can damage human nervous and respiratory system if they enter the water system.

33. Effects of E-waste On Environment Pollution of Ground-Water. Acidification of soil. Air Pollution. E-Waste accounts for 40 percent of the lead and 75 percent of the heavy metals found in landfills. On Human Health DNA damage. Lung Cancer. Damage to heart, liver and spleen. Chronic damage to the brain. Asthmatic bronchitis. 34

34. E-waste Management The major components of E-waste Management are - E-waste collection, sorting and transportation. E-waste recycling. In industries, management of E-waste is done by Waste Minimization Techniques . It involves- Inventory management, Production-process modification, Volume reduction, Recovery and reuse.

35. Treatment Options of E-Waste Land filling. Incineration. Technology Currently Used in India Dismantling. Pulverization/ Hammering. Shredding. Density separation.

36. Hazardous waste Consist of toxic substances that are of chemical nature highly dangerous to human, plants, animals and the overall environment

37. Criteria Ignitability - includes liquids with a flash point less than 140°F, at standard temperature and pressure. Corrosivity - includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases) Reactivity - includes unstable chemicals, violent reactions with water, formation of explosive mixtures when mixed with water, etc Toxicity - includes poisons and other toxic substances that pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock, pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption

38. Hazardous waste Management Minimizing Collection and Packaging Labelling Storage Disposal

39. Minimize Reuse old chemical containers helps in resource conservation, economic efficiency & environmental protection. Collection and Packaging Never mix incompatible materials Sealed containers Liquid Waste containers should only be fill to 75% of capacity to allow for expansion

40. Labeling Proper labeling Storage Waste should be segregated and stored according to compatibility Make sure container are secure and check for leaks in storage area

41. Treatment Physical - Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, floatation, adsorption Chemical -Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and reduction. Biological - Different types of microorganisms Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.

42. Disposal Incineration - able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste. Land disposal, underground disposal & deep well injection

43. Basal Convention An international treaty  Reduce the movement of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. 45 Developed Developing

44. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

45. BIOMEDICAL WASTE "Bio-medical waste“ means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biologicals .

46. In India - 1-2 kg/bed/day of biomedical waste

47. WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste Category No. 2 Animal Waste Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste Category No. 4 Waste Sharps Category No. 5 Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs Category No. 6 Soiled Waste Category No. 7 Solid Waste Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Category No.10 Chemical Waste

48. Steps in BMW management

49. Steps in BMW management Survey of waste generated Quantity Type Source Level of disinfection

50. Segregation and collection Done at point of Generation of waste Process where wastes of different types, hazardous nature and consistency are separated. As per the categories. Colour coded containers Where? - Should be displayed. Local languages.

51. NEW - 2011

52. Reusable bins/containers - cleaned/disinfected Correct size to hold the desired quantity

53. Storage of waste Holding of biomedical waste for such period of time, at the end of which waste is treated and disposed of. Safe from tampering and access to rag-pickers. Not beyond a period of 48 hours. Biohazard symbol

54. Transportation of waste Vital link Source  interim storage site  final disposal Secured from the public as well as waste handlers. Minimal effort , spillage or disturbance to the waste. Frequency and timings of transport should be informed Keep proper documentation of the frequency.

55. Technologies for waste treatment Reduce its bulk and make it free from pathogenic organisms. Changes the physical, chemical or biological characteristics or composition. Hazardous  non-hazardous Chemical disinfection Technology Thermal technology Mechanical Technology Irradiation technology.

56. Final disposal methods Incineration Deep burial Landfill

57. Liquid waste Sewage Sullage Industrial waste Runoff

58. Sewage Waste water from the community which contains solid and liquid excreta. 99.9% - water 0.1% - solids

59. Sewage management Basic requirements Surface water must not be contaminated. There should be no contamination of groundwater that may, in turn, contaminate springs or wells. Excreta should not be accessible to flies or other animals.

60. There should be no handling of excreta ; where this is unavoidable, it should be kept to a minimum. There should be no odours or unsightly conditions. The method used should be simple and inexpensive in construction and operation. The method should last for at least five years to be cost-effective .

61. Sullage Waste water which does not contain human excreta. Eg : waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

62. Waste water management Three stages Physical Chemical Biological

63. PRE-TREATMENT: Pre-treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw waste water before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves, etc.). Screening and grit removal

64. Primary treatment "primary sedimentation tanks.“ Settle sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. 50-70% of solids settle Biological action Complex organic  simpler substances

65. Secondary treatment Degrade the biological content of the sewage Aerobic biological processes Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems . Fixed film  trickling filters and rotating biological contactors Suspended – growth systems  activated sludge

66. Secondary sedimentation 2-3 hrs Aerated sludge Sludge digestion and disposal As a method of treatment Fav : temp: and pH – anaerobic auto-digestion Manure , sea disposal , landfill Effluent disposal Chlorination and Dilution, irrigation

67. Challenges Absence of segregation of waste at source Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement Unwillingness of LSGI to introduce proper collection, segregation, transportation and treatment/ disposal systems Lack of Management Information Systems

68. Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships Indifferent attitude of citizens towards waste management due to lack of awareness Lack of awareness creation mechanism Lack of community participation towards waste management and hygienic conditions Lack of funds with LSGIs

69. Thank you….

70. ANY QUERY ???

71. 76 Environmental Legislation The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 , 2011 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

72. OTHER INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies Public-Private Partnership in SWM Capacity Building Urban Reforms Incentive Fund

73. Difference between BMW management rules 1998 and 2011

74. References ISWM plan For UN vol.2 http://www.teriin.org/ http://www.mnre.gov.in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ India Infrastructure magazine 2008 GIS from Asansol municipality Chapter-2 Principles of municipal solid waste management SWM Prakriti , Centre for Management Studies, Dibrugarh University Hygiene and Environmental Health HEAT Module

75. References contd.. Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Waste, T. V. Ramachandra Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Liquid waste management, Best Management Practices Manual INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SCOREBOARD A tool to measure performance in municipal solid waste management Developing integrated Solid waste Management plan Training manual roing.nic.in/ NHPC_Docs /EMP/ EMPDocs /C12_SWM.pdf