Waste Management

Basic information on waste management system and the various type of waste and the disposal methods. few requirement to start the waste management company is discussed. also practical challenges were explain with points in the slide

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN

2. WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Wastemanagementistheactivitiesandactionsrequiredto
managewastefromitsinceptiontoitsdisposal.Thisincludes
thecollection,transport,treatmentanddisposalofwaste,
togetherwithmonitoringandregulationofthewaste
managementprocess.
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3. classification of waste
Twomainwastecategoriescanbeestablishedbasedonthedistinctlegislationandpolicy
instrumentsusuallyinplace:
•non-hazardousorsolidwaste
•hazardouswaste.
•Non-hazardous/solidwasteisallwastewhichhasnotbeenclassifiedashazardous:
paper,plastics,glass,metalandbeveragecans,organicwasteetc.Whilenothazardous,
solidwastecanhaveseriousenvironmentalandhealthimpactifleftuncollectedand
untreated.
•Hazardouswasteiswastethathasbeenidentifiedaspotentiallycausingharmtothe
environmentandhumanhealthandthereforeneedsspecial,separatetreatmentand
handling.Chemicalandphysicalcharacteristicsdeterminetheexactcollectionand
recyclingprocess.Flammability,corrosiveness,toxicity,ecotoxicityandexplosivenessare
themaincharacteristicsofhazardouswaste.
•E-wasteis waste from electric and electronic equipment such as end-of-life computers,
phones and home appliances. E-waste is generally classified as hazardous because it
contains toxic components (e.g. PCB and various metals).
•Medical wasteoriginates from the human and animal healthcare systems and usually
consists of medicines, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, bandages, used medical equipment,
bodily fluids and body parts. Medical waste can be infectious, toxic or radioactive or
contain bacteria and harmful microorganisms (including those that are drug-resistant).
•Radioactive wastecontains radioactive materials. The management of radioactive waste
differs significantly from that of other waste. Auditing the management of radioactive
waste is not the subject of this MOOC.
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER

4. Characteristic of Waste
1. Ignitability
Any waste that is flammable and can create fires. Examples of this include
liquids with flashpoints below 140 °F, nonliquids with the potential to ignite via
specific conditions and compressed gases.
2. Corrosivity
Any waste (typically acids and bases) that can rust and decompose and has the
ability to melt through steel materials. Examples of this include aqueous wastes
with an acidity level of equal to or less than 2 pH or equal to or greater than 12.5
pH.
3. Reactivity
Any waste that is explosive, unstable under normal conditions. Examples of this
include any waste capable of explosion and detonation that may produce toxic
gases.
4. Toxicity
Any waste that is fatally poisonous when ingested or absorbed. Examples of this
include lithium-sulfur batteries and other materials that can cause death when
swallowed.
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5. HOW TO HANDLE THE WASTE
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER

6. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
1. Evaluate your waste–to be able to handle the waste properly, the
company first needs to determine whether the waste is hazardous or not,
and whether handling of that particular waste is regulated by legislation.
This step is often called classification or categorization of the waste.
2. Store your waste–depending on the type of waste, there will be different
requirements in terms of storage facilities. Waste can be in solid or liquid
form, so it is important to store it according to its characteristics. Hazardous
waste must be stored in a sturdy, leak-proof container that is kept closed
when not adding or removing waste.
3. Label the waste–nonhazardous waste doesn’t have to be labeled in any
special way. On the other hand, hazardous waste labeling is often prescribed
by law and in most countries, the company must obtain a license for even
generating some kinds of hazardous waste. The label for marking packed
hazardous waste usually contains the following information:
•Warning: HAZARDOUS WASTE
HOW TO HANDLE THE WASTE

7. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
4.Transportanddisposeyourwasteproperly–thecompanyisresponsiblefor
itshazardouswasteforever.Tohelpensurethathazardouswasteistransported
anddisposedofproperly,andtoreduceyourliability,chooseatransporterthat
fulfillsthelegalrequirements.
5.Planforemergencies–handlinghazardouswasteleavesroomforemergency
situationscausedbymistreatmentofthewasteoranyothercause.Planfor
emergenciestoMaintainspillandappropriateemergency
responseequipmentinanaccessiblearea.
6.Trainpersonnel–trainingallemployeeswhohaveanyroleinhandling,
storing,orotherwisemanaginghazardouswasteisanecessarystepforensuring
compliancewithhazardouswasterules.Personnelmustbefamiliarwitheach
waste’shazards,appropriatesafetyprocedures,andallaspectsofcompliance.
7.Keeprecords–thepurposeofkeepingrecordsistoprovideevidencethatthe
wasteisstoredaccordingtotheprocedures.Theusualrecordstobekeptare
theonesofgeneratedwastebytypeandamount,andrecordsofwaste
deployedtoanauthorizedorganization.
HOW TO HANDLE THE WASTE

8. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
•Recycling
•Incineration
•Composting
•Sanitary Landfill
•Plasma Gasification
Recycling
Recyclingservestotransformthewastesintoproductsoftheirowngenre
throughindustrialprocessing.Paper,glass,aluminum,andplasticsare
commonlyrecycled.Itisenvironmentallyfriendlytoreusethewastesinstead
ofaddingthemtonature.However,processingtechnologiesarepretty
expensive.

9. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
Incineration
Incinerationfeaturescombustionofwastestotransformthemintobasecomponents,
withthegeneratedheatbeingtrappedforderivingenergy.Assortedgasesandinertash
arecommonby-products.Pollutioniscausedbyvarieddegreesdependentonnatureof
wastecombustedandincineratordesign.Useoffilterscancheckpollution.Itisrather
inexpensivetoburnwastesandthewastevolumeisreducedbyabout90%.Thenutrient
richashderivedoutofburningorganicwastescanfacilitatehydroponicsolutions.
Hazardousandtoxicwastescanbeeasilyberidofbyusingthismethod.Theenergy
extractedcanbeusedforcooking,heating,andsupplyingpowertoturbines.However,
strictvigilanceandduediligenceshouldbeexercisedtochecktheaccidentalleakageof
microlevelcontaminants,suchasdioxinsfromincineratorlines.
Composting
Itinvolvesdecompositionoforganicwastesbymicrobesbyallowingthewastetostay
accumulatedinapitforalongperiodoftime.Thenutrientrichcompostcanbeusedas
plantmanure.However,theprocessisslowandconsumesasignificantamountofland.
Biologicalreprocessingtremendouslyimprovesthefertilityofthesoil.

10. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
Sanitary Landfill
Thisinvolvesthedumpingofwastesintoalandfill.Thebaseispreparedofa
protectivelining,whichservesasabarrierbetweenwastesandgroundwater,and
preventstheseparationoftoxicchemicalsintothewaterzone.Wastelayersare
subjectedtocompactionandsubsequentlycoatedwithanearthlayer.Soilthatisnon-
porousispreferredtomitigatethevulnerabilityofaccidentalleakageoftoxic
chemicals.Landfillsshouldbecreatedinplaceswithlowgroundwaterlevelandfar
fromsourcesofflooding.However,asufficientnumberofskilledmanpoweris
requiredtomaintainsanitarylandfills.
Plasma Gasification
Plasmagasificationisanenvironment-friendlywastedisposalmethod.Itisusedto
convertcommodityrecyclablesextractedfromthemunicipalsolidwasteinthe
landfillintoenergy.Thecarbon-basedmaterialsareexposedtohightemperaturesand
convertedtosyngas,agaswhichcaneitherbedirectlycombustedorfurtherrefined
intochemicalsandhigher-gradefuels.Thenon-organicpartofthewasteisconverted
toslag–cooled,tightlyboundsolidwastewhichcanbeusedinconstructionasaraw
material.Industriesthatstrivetoachievezerowastepreferthiswastedisposal
method.

11. WASTE COLLECTION
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
Inwastemanagementsystems,theareacollection-transfer-transportationplaysa
centralrole.Itcausefor60to80%ofthetotalcostsofwastedisposaland
thereforetherearesignificantsavingpossibilitiesonimprovementsinits
organizationandimplementation.Thewastecollectionprocesscontainstheway
fromfillingofcontainerstoloadingofthecollectionvehicle.Becauseofavariety
ofresidential,commercial,andindustrialdevelopment,itisimpossibletocollect
wastewithjustonesystem.Avarietyofcollectionsystemsareusedthat
respectivelegalrequirementstobeusedaccordingly.Eachcollectionmethodhas
compatiblecontainersystemsandvehicleswithdedicatedloaders.

12. WASTE COLLECTION
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
SimpleEmptyingMethod
TheSimpleEmptyingMethodisusedfortheremovalofhouseholdandsmall-
scalecommercialwastewithmobilecontainerswhicharedrainedatthe
consumer.Alotofdifferentstandardizedcontainersareused.Thesecontainers
areemptiedbycombinationtop-loadersthatcanpickupmanydifferentcontainer
sizes.Somecontainersystemshavebeenmodernizedtoincludeself-
compactors.Withthissystemitispossibletocharge2to3timestocontainer
volume.
ExchangeMethod
Atthismethod,fullcontainersareexchangedwithemptycontainersattheir
location.Thismethodissuitableforhighdensitywaste,e.g.constructiondebris
andsludge,aswellasforlowdensitywastefrominstitutionsorlargehotels.
Becauseofeconomy,thesecontainershaveminimumcapacitiesof4m3.
One-WayMethod
Intheone-waymethod,wasteispickedupinclearplasticorpaperbagswhose
volumeislimitedtoamaximumof110L.Thebagsarepickedupbyhand,so
therearenoemptiedcontainerstobereturnedtothecurbandthecontainersare
notcleaned.

13. WASTE COLLECTION
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
SpecialCollectionSystems
Vacuumextractionandhydraulicflushingaretwokindsofspecialcollectionsystems.
Boththepneumaticvacuumtransportsystemsandthehydraulicflushingmethod
combinecollectionandtransportprocesses,buttheyhavelowimportance.
ContainerSystems/Bins
Holdingofwasteforatemporaryperiodoftime.Therearedifferentstoragesystemsin
use.Toensureefficientandmechanizedwastecollection,thenumberandsizeof
containersmustbestandardized.Today,wheeledcontainerswithcapacitiesof110to
1.000L.Awastecontainer,alsoknownasadustbin,garbagecan,andtrashcanisa
typeofcontainerthatisusuallymadeoutofmetalorplastic.In1875,thefirst
householdrubbishbinswereintroducedinBritaintocreatearegulatedsystemof
collection.
Skipsarecommonlyusedtoholdopen-toppedloadsofconstructionanddemolition
waste,gardenwasteorotherwasteandlittertypes.Theconstructiondebrismay
originatefromabuilding,renovation,ordemolitionsite;buildingsuppliescanbe
deliveredtoasiteinaskipthatislaterusedtoremovewaste.

14. SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER
Compactor
Thecompactorisageneraltermforreferringtothecompactionmechanismsused
indifferentindustriestoreducethesizeoftheirwastematerials.Trashcompactorsthat
crampdownwastematerials,therearealsosoilcompactorsmeantforcompressingthe
soilandotherelementspresentinit.Theseparticularcompactorsareutilizedformany
purposeslikepreparingasiteforindustrial,commercialorresidentialprojects.Italso
helpcorporationsbyreducingthefrequencyofemptyingoutthetrashcontainers.
Bumpingdownthevolumeofgarbageinthemmakesmoreroomforstoringotherwaste
materials.
TrashBarrels/Eurobin
Thesmallest,standardizedgarbagecansareroundwithcapacitiesof35to50L.Theyare
madeofgalvanizedsheetmetalorplastic.Thenextinsizestandardizedcansaremade
exclusivelyofplastic,withcapacitiesupto120Lcapacities.smallamountsofgarbageare
collectedinavarietyoftrashbarrelsanddumpsters.Duetotherisingquantitiesof
waste,largesheetmetalandplasticcontainerswithwheelsweredeveloped.The
transportbytheconsumerandhandlingbythecollectioncrewiseffortlesswiththese
containers.
WASTE COLLECTION

15. How to Start a Waste Management Business
Choose a sector in the waste management
industry:
Thewastemanagementsectorisbroadandinvolvesbothsmallandlarge
corporations.Tosimplifytheissue,youshouldconsidervariouselements,
suchasthebudget,individualcapacity,andbusinesscomplexity.Every
nicheintheindustryneedsdifferentmeansandmodesofwasterecycling.
•Non–Hazardous Waste Collection and Management
•Hazardous Waste Collection and Management
•Medical Waste Collection and Management
•Radioactive waste collection and local hauling
•Recyclable material collection and hauling
•Removal and hauling of rubble, construction and demolition debris
•Waste transfer station operation
•Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and hauling
•Animal Waste Management
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16. Required Equipment
Few important equipment needed to run a successful waste management business.
Followinglist of important tools and equipment that are needed:
1)Waste Collection Truck: You can either use a second-hand van or truck or buy a new
one to transport client’s waste to recycling or disposal facilities. To save money, you can also
opt for a rented junk removal truck instead of buying a new one initially. The truck should
have a large load capacity and good fuel economy.
2) GPS System: For those who do not have a smartphone or are unfamiliar with your service
area’s layout, you would also need a reliable GPS system.
3) Heavy Duty Work Wears: To remove dirt and garbage, you would need durable work
clothes, gloves, and rubber boots. Loose fitting trousers are suited for both indoor and
outdoor jobs and are also comfortable. Clothes should be such that they prevent household
and garden pests from biting you.
4) Shovel and Rake: These are needed to remove dirt, leaves, sand and other debris.
5) Heavy-duty Protection: These include facial masks and goggles, dirt and product
separator to prevent any contamination from dust and dirt.
6)Incinerators, trash cans, dustbins, and waste bags.
7)Hose and pipes for the continuous supply of water.
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17. LEGAL REQUIREMENT
Firstthingistoregisteryourcompanynameaccordingtotherequirementsofyour
localgovernmentandguidelinesforwastecarriers.Contactyourlocalchamberof
commercetogainmoreinsightsforthisasregistrationlawsdifferforeverycountry
andstate.
•Specialpermitsorlicenseswillalsobetakenfortransportingscrapmetalor
anykindofscrap.Insomeareas,licensesareneededtohaullargeamounts
ofmaterialsforcommercialpurposes,failureofwhichcanimposeheavyfines.
Therearealsospecialwasteremovalpermitsinmajorcitiesworldwidewhich
mustbeobtainedbeforestartingthebusiness.Insomecountries,youwill
needacertificatefromthetransportationdepartmenttotransportyourscrap
metal.Additionally,onemightalsoneedanemployeridentificationnumberto
hireemployees.
•Also,inmostcountries,onecannotoperateabusinesswithouthavingsomeof
thebasicinsurancecoverrequiredbythewastemanagementindustry.
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18. CHALLENGES INWASTE / RECYCLING INDUSTRY
•Poorly Trained/Managed Employees
•Employee Retention
•Excessive Downtime
•Overcoming Language/Cultural Issues
•Recruiting Employees In Areas With Low Unemployment
•Lack Of Industry Expertise
•Poor Or Nonexistent Processes
•Poor wages and timing
•Overcoming Poor-quality Recyclables
•Lack OfSAFETY Awareness
•LackofEquipment
•Landfillknowledge
•Grooming and PPE
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19. THANK YOU
SASIKUMAR NATARAJAN -EDUCATIONALIST & HOSPITALITY TRAINER