Water and soil pollution.pptx

Water and soil pollution

1. Water and Soil Pollution COURSE NO: AEM 50 1 COURSE TITLE : FUNDAMENTALS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PRESENTED BY: SA KSHI PATIL AEM-MA-09-06

2. Water Pollution Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater ). Water pollution occur when pollutants (physical, biological agent , chemicals substances that make water contaminated) are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of harmful compounds . Water pollution can be a Point-source, Non Point-source . Water pollution is the second most imperative environmental concern a fter  air pollutio n.

3. Causes of Water Pollution And Impacts

4. Point sources Wastewater and Sewage Treated / untreated effluent from wastewater treatment of municipal, industrial area. sewage is treated with chemicals and then released into the sea. including such attributes as high BOD, COD etc.

5. Industries I ndustries produce waste that can affect the: pH of water colour of water amount of nutrients temperature murkiness of water minerals and salt

6. Non Point sources Agriculture Increases soil erosion due to the physical disturbance of soil and vegetation Increases nutrients due to fertilisers and excreta Increased pesticide use.

7. Mining Mines produce waste that: can increase the amount of minerals and salts in the water can affect the pH of the water can increase the murkiness of the water.

8. Wetlands Destruction Wetlands are nature’s way of cleaning water : Destroys the habitat of many birds and fish Removes the natural filters capable of storing and degrading many pollutants, such as phosphorus and heavy metals Destroys natural dams and causes flood damage

9. Deforestation Clearing land for agriculture and urban growth soil erosion nutrient leaching murkiness of the water there is an increase risk of disease

10. Accidental Water Pollution Accidental water pollution can arise from many sources (such as burst pipes and tanks, major leaks,oil spills) can cause varying degrees of damage, depending on the quantity, toxicity and persistence of the pollutant .

11. Possible Poisnous Chemicals In Water Insecticides Insecticides are chemicals that are sprayed onto crops to kill the insects that eat crops. One of the more controversial insecticide is DDT. The use of DDT on crops was used to control the malaria mosquito. Insecticides are easily washed by the rain into streams and groundwater where they poison fish and aquatic animals. Many insecticides are stored for a long time in the bodies of animals and can end up in the meat, fish, that we eat. Heavy Metals Heavy metals such as nickel, molybdenum, zinc, cadmium and lead are mined and processed by the mining and ore-smelting industries, These metals are easily washed into streams and groundwater. Copper and mercury are another two heavy metals, which are found in fungicides. Fungicides are also sprayed on crops and easily washed into rivers.

12. Chlorine and Detergents Textile factories also release strong chemicals like caustic soda, acids, dyes and detergents into water. These strong poisons also cause sea bird and fish kills similar to insecticide poisoning. These chemicals are also directly poisonous to humans. Fertilizer and Sewage Some chemicals like fertilisers are made of substances that do occur naturally in the environment, but only in small amounts. When too much fertiliser is washed from farmlands into a river then that water will also become polluted. Human sewage or cattle excrement that is untreated also causes water pollution in the same way as fertilisers do. Human sewage also contains germs that cause diseases such as hepatitis and cholera.

13. Phosphates and nitrates are found in fertilisers, sewage and soaps. Phosphorus is an essential element for life, both as a nutrient for plant life and as a key element in the metabolic processes of all living things. Nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3) and nitrates (NO3) form part of the plant nutrients that can lead to eutrophication.

14. General Preventi ve Measurers Never throw rubbish away anyhow , Always look for the correct waste bin. Use water wisely. Do not keep the tap running when not in use. Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down the sink drain, or the toilet. there should be disposal of medicines and chemicals. Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment. N ot to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. T ry to plant lots of trees .

15. Government's Efforts for water conservation MGNREGA for Water Conservation Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is one of the biggest government funded employment scheme in the world. The government aims to improve groundwater harvesting and build water conservation and storage mechanisms through MGNREGA. CCPC Recommendations for Water Quality The Central Consumer Protection Council has expressing concern over the quality of water supplied through pipelines in rural and urban households. The CCPC has recommended setting up of mandatory standards for the drinking water supplied through pipelines .

16. Jal Kranti Abhiyan The government is making active efforts to revolutionise villages and cities through block level water conservation schemes in the coming years. For example; the Jal Gram Scheme under the Jal Kranti Abhiyan is aimed at developing two model villages in water starved areas to lead the other villages towards water conservation and preservation. National Water Mission U nder the National Action Plan on Climate Change. The Union Cabinet approved (on 6th April, 2011) the comprehensive Mission Document for National Water Mission (NWM).  The main objective of NWM is “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management

17. The clean water act In terms of broader problem of protecting receiving waters, the most important legislation was the federal water pollution control act, enacted by public law in 1972. it is more commonly known by its short title the clean water act.Its major objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation’s water. NPDES Program The NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) permit program, created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act (CWA), helps address water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was adopted by the Indian parliament with the aim of prevention and control of Water Pollution in India. Under Water Act 1974, Sewage or pollutants cannot be discharged into water bodies including lakes and it is the duty of the state pollution control board to stop such activity.

18. Agencies & organisations There are a number of agencies and organisations that work to prevent water pollution and provide relevant information. Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) – www.acops.org Clean Ocean Action – www.cleanoceanaction.org Friends of the Earth – www.foe.co.uk Greenpeace – www.greenpeace.org/oceans International Water Association – www.iwahq.org.uk Marine Conservation Society – www.mcsuk.org Save Our Seas – www.saveourseas.org Wetlands International – www.wetlands.org WWF – www.panda.org

19. Soil Pollution S oil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil ,i n high enoug h concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. S oil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present.

20. Causes V arious compounds get into the soil from the atmosphere precipitation wind activity surface water bodies shallow groundwater flowing through the soil. There are two main causes through which soil pollution is generated anthropogenic natural

21. NATURAL POLLUTANTS Natural processes can lead to an accumulation of toxic chemicals in the soil. This type of contamination has only been recorded in a few cases, such as the accumulation of higher levels of perchlorate in soil from the Atacama Desert in Chile, a type of accumulation which is purely due to natural processes in arid environments. MAN-MADE POLLUTANTS Man-made contaminants are the main causes of soil pollution and consist of a large variety of contaminants or chemicals, both organic and inorganic. They can pollute the soil either alone or combined with several natural soil contaminants. Man-made soil pollution is usually caused by the improper disposal of waste coming from industrial or urban sources, industrial activities, and agricultural pesticides.

22. Main sources Chemical /Oil Spills and Leaks Mining Activities Construction Activities Use of Chemicals in Agriculture Cracked Paint Chips from Buildings Sewage Leaks Acid rain Nuclear wastes Electronic waste

23. Types of Soil Pollutants BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Biological agents work inside the soil to introduce manures and digested sludge (coming from the human, bird and animal excreta) into the soil. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES The soil of the crops is polluted to a large extent with pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry, debris, and manure. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS Radioactive substances such as Radium, Thorium, Uranium, Nitrogen, etc. can infiltrate the soil and create toxic effects.

24. contd.. URBAN WASTE Urban waste consists of garbage and rubbish materials, dried sludge and sewage from domestic and commercial waste. INDUSTRIAL WASTE Steel, pesticides, textiles, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum, etc. are produced by paper mills, oil refineries, sugar factories, petroleum industries and others as such.

25. contd.. LEAD (P b ) lead paint, mining activities, vehicle exhaust, construction activities, agriculture activities MERCURY (H g ) mining, incineration of coal, alkali and metal processing, medical waste , v olcanoes and geologic deposits, ARSENIC (A s ) mining, coal-fired power plants, lumber facilities, electronics industry, COPPER (C u ) mining activities; construction activities ZINC (Z n ) mining activities; construction activities

26. Effects Inferior Crop Quality It can decrease the quality of the crop. Regular use of chemical fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides will decrease the fertility of the soil. Over the time the soil will become less productive. Harmful Effect on Human Health It will increase the exposure to toxic and harmful chemicals thus increasing health threats to people. Living, working or playing in the contaminated soil can lead to respiratory diseases, skin diseases, and other diseases. Moreover, it can cause other health problems. Water Sources Contamination The surface run-off after raining will carry the polluted soil and enter into different water resource. Thus, it can cause underground water contamination thereby causing water pollution. This water after contamination is not fit for human as well as animal use due to the presence of toxic chemicals.

27. contd.. Negative Impact on Ecosystem and Biodiversity Soil pollution can cause an imbalance of the ecosystem of the soil. The soil is an important habitat of different type of microorganisms, animals, reptiles, mammals, birds, and insects. Thus, soil pollution can negatively impact the lives of the living organisms and can result in the gradual death of many organisms.

28. Prevention of soil pollution Farming Rotation planting of crops on the same portion of land in a given time frame. Use of fertilizers like dung manure,compost, green manure and other organic composts reduce soil erosion. Forest implantatio n D evelop forests in new areas to increase the soil fertility.This can help to reduce erosion from rain, water, air.

29. contd.. Reuse and Recycle Less waste can contribute to help prevent soil pollution. Recycling of waste materials like plastic, glass, a paper will definitely reduce the waste which is sent to landfill. We should purchase the reusable products. Proper solid waste treatment Proper disposal of waste is must to avoid the soil pollution. M aking awareness in the community to adopt the ways to treat waste before disposing of it to prevent the pollution. the solid waste not only pollutes the soil it also pollutes water bodies.

30. Refrence: Schmitz,J.R.,1995 Introduction to water pollution biology.pp.2-15. Limited,E.R.,1983 Water pollution and management.pp.218-222. http://www.wild-lab.com/courses/wetlands/research/ http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ https://www.water-pollution.org.uk/ https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/

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