water carriage and sewage system

this based on the k.park book.this for the community health nursing.only describe system and the sanitary fittings only.

1. WATER CARRAGE & SEWAGE SYSTEM Presented by D.M.CHANDRASIRI Reg.no 2015/NUR/082 B.Sc. nursing student

2. Elements of water carriage Treatment of sewage and sewage system House hold sanitary fittings Primary treatment House sewers Secondary treatment Public sewer and traps Water carriage and sewage system

3. Content Introduction Types of water carriage and sewage system Elements of water carriage and sewage system House hold sanitary fittings House drain Public sewer Sewer appurtenances Summary Conclusion References

4. The water carriage system or sewerage system implies collecting and transporting of human excreta and waste from houses,commercial and industrial areas, by a net-work of underground pipes. INTRODUCTION

5. This system adopted to transport the human night soil , street washing and industrial liquid waste through the agency of water supply. Therefor it requires an abundant water supply. This is the cheaper in the long run and cleanest , quickest sanitary method of remove night soil. This system recommended for towns and cities not for rural areas.

6. T his system requires following conditions An abundant water supply Good drains and sewer with proper ventilation Sufficient slope to give the required velocity , to the sewage

7. There are 02 types in water carriage system. 1. Combine sewer system 2. Separate sewer system TYPES OF WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

8. 1.Combine sewer system In combine system sewers carry both the sewage and surface water This system is best suited in areas having small rainfall

9. 2. Separate sewer system In this system surface water is not admitted into sewers . This system considered the system of choice today.

10. ELEMENTS OF WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM 1.House hold sanitary fittings 2.House drain 3.Public sewer 4.Sewer appurtenances

11. This is the plumbing system of the building or a house. Every house is connected to the nearest sewer .the usual house hold sanitary fittings are EX- water closet , Urinal , Wash basin 1.House hold sanitary fittings

12. Water Closet Water closet is a sanitary installation. for the reception of human excreta and having connection with the sewer through soil pipe and house drain. Water closet consist two parts. a. Closet proper b. Flushing apparatus

13. a. Closet proper mainly two types. 1.western type 2.indain type Indian type western type

14. Western type is the ideal type The Indian type consist of a Squatting plate. Opening in to the connecting pipe through the trap. Squatting plate has got 2 foot rest either side of the pan proper. The western type consist of a bowl .called commode.

15. b . Flushing apparatus Consist of a small cistern or tank. Placed about 1m above the basin. Holding about 15L of water. It works by pulling a chain or pedal action or a hand button and delivers the water by pipe to flush out the excreta into soil pipes keep closet or pan clean.

16. Urinal A urinal is a sanitary plumbing fixture for  urination. predominantly used by males Simply can hang the wall. It have automatic or manual flushing.

17. Soil Pipes These are the pipes laid vertically outside the wall. Carry the excreta from the closet to the house drain one side an for the escape of foul gas on the other side. The soil pipes open directly into the house drain without any intervention of trap.

18. This is an underground pipe for draining from the soil pipe and also the waste water from the house or compound to the sewer. It is laid on a bed of concrete with a sufficient gradient towards the sewer to facilitate easy transit. House Drain

19. Requirement for a house drain , sufficient inclination for good velocity to the flow, Pipes should be both air and water tight, Flushing arrangements should be proper,

20. These are big underground pipes laid in concrete bed. Sewers are not less than 22.5cm diameter ,bigger ones may be 2 to 3m in diameter. Meant for draining the sewer from several houses . Transport to the main outfall or place of final disposal. P ublic sewer

21. These are 02 types. Inspection cambers ( manholes ) These are masonry underground chamber Sewer appurtenances

22. Lined with cement as to make water tight and covered with air tight iron lid. These are placed or constructed at the following sit where the direction of the sewer is change where 2 or 3 sewer meet, at distance of 100m in long straight runs The chambers permit a person to enter inside to carry out inspection ,repair and cleaning activities.

23. Workers entering the manholes are liable to gas poising asphyxiation  manholes  of the drainage system will generate methane and/ hydrogen sulphide .   This   chemical  can irritate the eyes, cause a cough or sore throat , shortness of breath , and fluid accumulation in the  lungs . Prolonged low-level exposure may cause fatigue, pneumonia, loss of appetite, headache, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness.

24. To prevention gas poisoning

25. b) Traps There are various kinds of trap These are devices desinged to prevent foul gases entering the houses and remove sand ,grit and grease from sewage .

26. Summary The water carriage system of sewerage, as Its name Implies, Is a system for the removal by gravitational flow through conduits of sewage which has been greatly diluted with water. It remove the surface storm-water, the subsoil-water, and liquid wastes from houses and manufacturing establishments, and removes them Immediately more rapidly and thoroughly, therefore, this riddance Is effected, the better It Is in every way for the general health of the public.  

27. Conclusion Proper arrangements for the collection, treatment and disposal of all the wastes produced from the town or city helps to make healthy environment for every one.

28. References Park K. Park’s Text Book Of Preventive And Social Medicine, Banarsidas Bhnot Publishers, Jayapur , 23 rd Edition Basavanthappa B.T. Essentials of Community Health Nursing, Jayapee Brothers Medical Publishers, 3rd Edition Sri P. Venkateswara Rao text book of ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING (For the Course of Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering) The origin and development of the carriage system of sewage By wills chester danielson