Water closets and urinals

building services -sanitary appliances-water closets and urinals

1. Water closets and urinals

2. Sanitary fittings

3. Metal Baths, shower trays and flushing cisterns are commonly made out of cast iron , although this is being superseded to a large extent by the use of plastics. The interior surfaces of cast iron baths and shower trays are vitreous enamelled to provide a smooth, hard wearing surface that is corrosion resistant. Articles manufactured from cast iron are very heavy and brittle, and great care must be exercised when handling them. Vitreous enamelled pressed steel is also used for the manufacture of baths and sink units. It is cheaper material but does not have the long lasting qualities of cast iron. Manufacturers of porcelain enamelled ware always attached a label to the appliance giving instruction on its care and methods of cleaning. Always make sure that this is intact when the job is complete. Stainless steel is also extensively used for a wide range of sanitary appliances including WCs, sink units, urinal stalls and wash hand basins. Its popularity derives from the properties it possesses: (a) It has a clean, pleasant appearance. (b) It is non-corrosive. (c) It is hard wearing. (d) It has no vitreous enamelled surface to chip. (e) It is easily cleaned.

4. Ceramic

5. Plastic Acrylic plastic produces appliances that are very light in weight and cheap to manufacture. A gloss finish can be obtained, but this must be carefully cleaned to avoid scratching. The plastic becomes soft when heated, so the appliances must always be exposed to cold water before being subjected to hot water, or mixing taps should be used. Baths must be provided with supports, which usually consists of timbers on metal cradles. A variety of colours can be obtained. Glass-reinforced polyester appliances are much stronger than those made from acrylic plastic, but they are more expensive. Baths and shower trays are often made from this material, and should have a good gel coat finish. Thin coats may be worn away by cleaning, which could expose the glass fibre.

6. DESIGN REQUIREMENT A sanitary appliance should be designed so that its fouling area is reduced to the minimum and should have durable, easily cleaned and non-absorbent surface. Before starting to design the floor plan of any structure, the designer needs to know the following information:- a. Types of buildings : i . Residential Building ii. Public Building / Commercial / Office Building b. Consumer

7. Water closets A WC is a plumbing fixture primarily intended for the disposal of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack. Types : Squat toilets :The most common toilet in used in our nation is the Squat toilets, in which water carries the waste into sewers.  Flush toilets: The most common design in western countries is the sitting toilet. Flush Toilet are still used by the majority of the world's population. Sqaut toilet with water flushing

8. Squat toilets flush toilets

9. Types of water closets Western closets Wall hung Back to wall Indian closets Anglo-Indian closets

10. Hung from the wall There is space under the commode between it and the floor. P-trap plumbing Wall hung closets

11. Placed on the floor backing the wall S-trap plumbing Back to wall

12. WC – INDIAN TYPE Consists of two pieces : porcelain pan , trap Two foot rests are provided on either sides of the pan Inbuilt flushing rim having no. of holes Ht of flushing cistern – 1.8-2m above FL

13. Anglo – Indian type Can be used in both positions, hence the name Pedestal type appliance with inbuilt trap Top of pan flared out to provide for foot rest Plastic seat hinged to closet is used for sitting

14. Components of water closet The main components of water closet the bowl tank pipelines

15. Working of water closet

16. Dimensions and Traps

17. Classification on the basis of pans Wall hung : p trap concealed piping space saving Floor mounted : both s and p traps

18. Classification on the basis of seats

19. Classification on the basis of flushing cistern Manual flushing system:  It injects pressurized water into the bowl and only take a few seconds to flush when operated. Maintainance is easier. Allows adjustment of water to an ideal level to ensure water saving. Chain pull Pushbutton Handle Separate cistern Concealed cistern Attached cistern

20. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TANK TYPE Types Wash-down type Wash-out style Reverse Bowl Type

21. Wash-down type Most commonly used pattern Content of the pan removed by gravity flush Traps : (a) For ground floor : S- trap (b) For upper floors : P- trap

22. Siphonic type Contents are removed by siphonic action Entire content is emptied into soil pipe Inbuilt after-flush chamber – reseals trap This type may have single or double trap The latter has : (a) larger area of water seal (b) more efficient (c) silent

23. FLUSHING CISTERN Function : Used to flush away the contents of soil fitting to the drain. Specification: Fixed 2m and 0.6 m above floor level. Capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters (popular : 9 liter)

24. PISTON FLUSHING CISTERN The piston type flushing cistern, operates as follows: When the lever is depressed sharply, the piston is lifted, which displaces water over the siphon. Water discharging down the flush pipe takes some air with it and creates a partial vacuum in the siphon. The greater air pressure acting upon the water in the cistern forces water through the siphon until air is admitted under the piston, which breaks the siphon action.

25. AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN Automatic flushing cistern designed to discharge its contents of water at regular intervals into a urinal. The rate at which the water will flush depends upon the rate at which the water is fed into the cistern and for a single installation this should not exceed ten liters per hour . These flush water automatically once in 10 – 15 minutes. To prevent wastage of water from these cistern, at times when the cistern is not used such as at weekends, an Automatic Flow Cut Off Device should be fitted.

26. BELL-TYPE FLUSHING CISTERN The bell-type flushing cistern is rather noisy but may be used in factories and schools. The cistern is operated by the chain being pulled down which also lifts the bell. When the chain is released the bell falls thus displacing water under the bell down the stand pipe. Siphonic action is then created which empties the cistern .

27. DUAL FLUSH CISTERN   The dual-flush toilet differs from siphon-flush toilets in that it relies on gravity to remove waste from the toilet. The main feature of the toilet is that it has two buttons for releasing water.    It outputs water in both 0.8-gallon (3 litre) and 1.6-gallon (6 litre) capacities. The smaller level is designed for liquid waste, and the larger is designed for solid waste. It also uses a larger 4-inch (10 cm) trapway in the bowl, allowing for water to come out faster and clear the bowl efficiently.

28. Tank style with high-pressure or pressure-assist valve This system uses water main pressure to pre-pressurize a plastic tank located inside what otherwise appears to be the more typical ceramic flush tank. After a user flushes and the water in the pre-pressurized tank has finished emptying into the bowl, the outlet valve in the plastic tank shuts. Then the high pressure water from the main refills the plastic tank. Inside the tank is an air-filled balloon-like rubber diaphragm. As the higher-pressure mains water enters the tank, the rubber diaphragm is also pressurized and shrinks accordingly.

29. Tank fill valve  The valves are of two main designs: 1.the side-float design and the 2.concentric-float design The side-float design uses a float on the end of a lever to control the fill valve. The float is usually shaped like a ball, so the mechanism is called a ball-valve or a ballcock The newer concentric-float fill valve consists of a tower which is encircled by a plastic float assembly. Operation is otherwise the same as a side-float fill valve, even though the float position is somewhat different.

30. Slide float design Concentric float design

31. Tank style with flapper-flush valve In tanks using a flapper-flush valve, the outlet at the bottom of the tank is covered by a buoyant (plastic or rubber) cover, or flapper, which is held in place against a fitting (the  flush valve seat ) by water pressure. To flush the toilet, the user pushes a lever, which lifts the flush valve from the valve seat. The valve then floats clear of the seat, allowing the tank to empty quickly into the bowl. As the water level drops, the floating flush valve descends back to the bottom of the tank and covers the outlet pipe again. This system is common in homes in the US and in continental Europe. 

32. Tank style with siphon-flush valve  uses a storage tank similar to that used in the flapper-flush-valve system above. This flush valve system is sometimes referred to as a  valveless  system, since no traditional type of valve is required.  In the siphon-flush-valve system, the user pushes a lever or button, forcing the water up into the tank siphon passageway which then empties the water in the tank into the bowl. The advantage of a siphon over the flush valve is that it has no sealing washers that can wear out and cause leaks, so it is favored in places where there is a need to conserve water.

33. Auto flushing system Adjustable water settings that can reduce water consumption by 50%. Infrared Technology. Optional pre flush Automatic flushing system

34. TANKLESS WCs Tankless toilets receive water directly from a supply line at a high enough pressure that a single flush can carry human waste through the drainage system. Tankless toilets are connected directly to water supply lines, they can refill faster and be flushed again more quickly than a tank toilet.

35. URINAL They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid human wastes only. The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and bowl type. The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does not provide the same degree of privacy. The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which have less fouling area then the slab and stall urinals.

36. SLAB URINAL STALL URINAL

37. BOWL URINAL

38. Urinals with flushing Most public urinals incorporate a flushing system to rinse urine from the bowl of the device to prevent foul odors. Manual handles Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the flush, with users expected to operate it as they leave. Such a directly controlled system is the most efficient, provided that patrons remember to use it. Timed flush Groups of up to ten or more urinals will be connected to a single overhead cistern, which contains the timing mechanism. A constant drip-feed of water slowly fills the cistern until a tipping point is reached When the valve opens all the urinals in the group are flushed. This system does not require any action from its users It is wasteful of water when toilets are used irregularly.

39. Door-regulated flush It only operates when the room has been used. A   push-button   switch is mounted in the door frame of the restroom, and triggers the flush valve for all restroom urinals every time the door is opened Automatic flush A   passive infrared sensor   identifies when the urinal has been used, by detecting when someone has stood in front of it and moved away, and then activates the flush.   To prevent false-triggering of the automatic flush, most infrared detectors require that a presence be detected for at least five seconds,   such as when a person is standing in front of it.  

40. Dimension of Urinal

41. WATERLESS URINALS Waterless urinals look very much like conventional urinals in design and  these  can  be  used  in  the  same  manner.  However,  waterless  urinals  do  not  require  water  for  flushing  and  thus  result  in  saving  anything  between 56,800  litres  to 1, 70,000  litres  of water per urinal per year.   Waterless  urinals  do  not  need  water  and  expensive  plumbing  accessories  usually  required  for  flushing.    Also,  the  dry  operation  of  waterless  urinals  and  touch  free  operations  reduce  spreading  of communicable  diseases.  Odour   trap  mechanisms  using  sealant  liquid,  microbial  control,  membrane  and  curtain  valve  fitted  to  waterless  urinals  assist  in  preventing  odour   developed  inside  the  drainage  lines  connected to urinals.   Therefore, installing waterless urinals in homes, institutions and public  places can offer several advantages.  

42. WATERLESS URINALS

43. ADVANTAGES OF WATERLESS URINALS • Save enormous quantities of freshwater   • Enhance efficiencies of sewer lines and wastewater treatment plants   • Optimize cost of plumbing accessories at supply & consumption ends  • Conserve electricity used for pumping water & treating wastewater   • Replace chemical fertilizers with urine to grow crops  • Produce  fertiliser   &  other  chemicals  from  urine  (industrial  feedstock)  • Recover  hydrogen for producing energy and fuel  • Reduce emission of green house gases and pollution of water bodies 

44. PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC URINALS BLOCKAGE PROBLEMS It occurs due to accumulation of excessive salts in urine. Solid wastes inserted into drainage pipes. Improper cleaning of urinals,etc . ODOUR PROBLEMS Unpleasant smell of urine can be observed within or nearby public urinals. It occurs due to improper flushing. Due to disturbed flushing mechanism,etc .

45. SOLUTION FOR PUBLIC URINALS PROBLEMS Use of traps on waste pipelines to prevent backflow and odour transmission. Use of interceptor to capture unwanted liquid and solid waste. Use of waste disposal unit. Use of biological urinal blocks,ect .