water management SAAD.pptx presentation

water management

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3. SUBJECT COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRESENTED TO MAM NAZIA SIAL PRESENTED BY M.SAAD ZIA AHEER MALAIKA HUNZA MEHAK SANA TOPIC CHAPTER No. 5 (WATER)

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5. CONTENTS At the end of this unit, students will be able to : Define safe and wholesome water. What are the Uses of water. What are the Daily requirements of water for one person. Discuss the Sources of water and its pollution. Describe the Water purification at small and large scales. Discuss about Water-borne diseases (viral, bacterial, protozoa, worms etc.) 5

6. Safe Water Potable water free from harmful micro organisms and substances, even if it may have color, odor, or taste problem due to dissolved minerals. Wholesome water Water which is fit to use for drinking, cooking, food preparation, or washing without any potential danger to human health in other words, wholesome water is that water which is not chemically, but does not contain anything which can be harmful to human health. Safe and wholesome water 6

7. Uses of water broadly divided into three categories; 7

8. Water is used in agriculture for growth of plants and other crops such as: Farming Gardening Fisheries 8 Agricultural water use

9. Domestic water use is water used for indoor and outdoor household purposes _ all the things you do at home: Drinking Preparing food Bathing Washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, watering the yard and garden 9 Domestic water use

10. Industrial water use includes water used for such as: Fabricating. Washing. Cooling. Diluting Sanitation. 10 Industrial water use

11. Daily requirements for one person There's no one-size-fits-all answer, as fluid needs vary among individuals. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine determined that an adequate daily fluid intake for adults is: About 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men About 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) of fluids a day for women This includes fluids from water, beverages like teas and juice, and from food. You get an average of 20 percent of your water from the foods you eat . Environmental factors such as temperature and other health conditions may affect your water needs. 11

12. SOURCES OF WATER 12 Source water refers to bodies of water (such as  rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water ) that provide water to public drinking-water supplies and private wells. Water sources can include: Surface water (for example, a lake, river, or streams, reservoir) . Ground water (for example, an aquifer) .

13. CONTINUE…… Water is an important natural resource . The quality of water on earth is huge but its distribution is not uniform. About Three –fourths of the earth surface is cover with water . About 97.4% water on earth is found in five oceans . Of the remaining 2.6% about 2 % is frozen in glaciers and ice caps .So, only 0.6% present is available in liquid form. About 0.59 % present in the form of ground water as in vacant spaces of rocks . Therefor , only 0.1% is available as fresh water on the surface of Earth. 13

14. Water pollution is  the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water  impairs for beneficial use. OR Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses.  14 Water Pollution

15. Sewage and Waste Water Sewage water is drained off into rivers without treatment. And it can cause disease for water livings and also for humans. Industrial Waste Some times waste water is released without treatment into river which liches heavy metals into rivers and canals which is dangerous for health of water living . 15

16. Agricultural waste Causes: Runoff from barnyards Feedlots. Fertilizers. Ammonia. Toxins from farm equipments . Livestock waste. Pesticides. 16

17. Water purification is  the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water . The goal of this process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. 17 Water purification at large and small scale

18. AT SMALL SCALE Small scale water purification is needed to provide safe drinking water for small population . It is done in two ways: Household Purification of water Main methods for household water purification are as follow: Boiling Chemical Disinfection Filtration 18

19. Boiling Oldest and satisfactory method of purification Boiling for 5 to 10 minutes kills bacteria, spores, cysts and ova of intestinal parasites Boiling is done in a neat and clean vessel and after boiling it is stored in clean covered container. Chemical Disinfection Various types of chemical agents used for disinfection of water are discussed as follows: By adding Bleaching Powder : Chemically it is CaOCl 2 . A fresh sample of bleaching powder contains 33% of available chlorine but on storage it loses chlorine content. Therefore bleaching powder is stored in dry, air-tight containers and at cool and dark places. 19

20. d) High Test Hypochlorite (HTH): It is a calcium compound and contains about 65 to 75 percent of available chlorine. This is much stable compound and I gm of HTH is needed for one cubic meter of water. e) Alum : Alum is not a germicidal. It is used to purify muddy water and to remove turbidity. 60 to 240 mg of alum cans purity 4-5 liters of water . Calcium carbonate which is present in all kinds of water also gets precipitated as calcium sulphate and aluminum hydrate . (f) Potassium Permanganate: It is a strong oxidizing agent and can kill cholera vibrios but it does not destroy other disease producing organisms. It is used for disinfecting wells. Its dose is 0.5 parts per million (0.5 ppm) . It is not suitable for disinfecting large volume of water. Its disadvantages are that it alters the taste, smell and colour of water thus treated. Moreover this method is not considered dependable therefore no longer used for disinfecting the water . 20

21. 2.5 gm of a good quality of bleaching powder could be required to disinfect 1000 liters of water. Bleaching powder will not directly purify the polluted water. Therefore such water should first filter and then subjected to chlorination. b) Chlorine tablets: These tablets are good for disinfecting small quantities of water. They are available in different strengths for disinfecting various quantities of water. One tablet of 500 mg is sufficient for disinfecting 20 liters of water . c) Quick Lime (Calcium Oxide): Some people prefer to use dry slaked lime than ordinary lime. About 360 mg of slaked lime will disinfect 4.5 liters of water. It is cheap, easily available and quite effective . Disadvantage of quick lime is that large doses of it are required for disinfection of water i.e. 20 times than that of bleaching powder. 21

22. Domestic Filters: Water for drinking purposes can be purified by means of domestic filters which are discussed below Berkefeld Filters Pasteur’s Chamber land Filter: Katadyn Filter 2) Disinfection of Well Wells are the main source of water supply in the rural areas, The need often arises to disinfect them. Following are two major ways that are used to disinfect wells: 22 By adding bleaching powder. Double Pot Method .

23. TYPES OF FILTERS 23

24. AT LARGE SCALE Storage. Filtration ( Slow and Rapid sand filter). Disinfection (Chlorination, Membrane processes, Ozonation , Other agents etc ). The actual steps would depend upon 1. the source of the raw water and 2. the desired standards of water quality • E.g. ground water (like springs, deep well) may need only disinfection • On the other hand, surface water tend to be turbid and polluted (e.g. river water) and requires extensive treatment 24

25. 1- Storage • Water is drawn out from the source and stored in reservoir • The reservoir may be natural or artificial • Storage helps in two ways: a) Provides a reserve of water from which further pollution is excluded b) Considerable amount of purification occurs as a result of storing water This purification is a natural process . This purification occurs in 3 aspects i.e. physical, chemical and biological • Physical quality improvement: By mere storage, 90% of suspended impurities settle down in 24 hours due to gravity, It has been seen that when river water is stored the total bacterial count drops by as much as 90% in 5 – 7 days The optimum period of storage of river water is about 10 – 14 days. This allows penetration of light which further improves water quality 25

26. 26 Paint, dead leaves and algae or viruses, ova and cyst Particles of sand and clay Albuminoid Ammonia Gases_ H2S, CO2, NH3, industrial, animals, and other wastes. Salts_ Ca , Mg, Fe, P3,Mn, etc.

27. 2- Filtration In this stage, 98 – 99 % of the remaining bacteria get removed. One of the two types of filters are may be used: a. Biological or the Slow sand filter b. Mechanical or the Rapid sand filter Slow sand Filter First used for treatment in 1804 in Scotland and subsequently in London. Accepted as standard method of water purification. Essentially filter contain: Supernatant water, bed of graded sand , an underdrainage system , system of filter control valves 27

28. Rapid sand filter In 1885, the first sand filter was installed in the united stats of America (USA) , are of two types Gravity type filter Pressure type filter 3- Disinfection The final step in water purification, is disinfection of the filtered water . Most practical disinfection at the large scale is chemical disinfection, mostly Chlorination. 28

29. GRAVITY BASED TYPE OF FILTER 29

30. There are four main types of water borne diseases: Bacterial. Viral. Protozoal . Worms. 30 Water borne diseases

31. Diseases which are caused by bacteria by drinking contaminated water. Some bacterial diseases are: Cholera (caused by Vibrio cholera bacteria) Typhoid (salmonella typhi bacteria) 31 Bacterial Diseases

32. Diseases that are caused due to viruses. Some viral diseases are: Hepatitis A (by hepatitis A virus). Polio (caused by polio virus). AIDS (caused by HIV). 32 Viral Diseases

33. Diseases are caused by Protozoa that are transmitted by contaminated drinking water (contain protozoa). For Example: Cryptosporidium effect small intestine(Diarrheal disease). Giardiasis (hand-to-mouth). Both the above diseases are the significant microbial contaminants in U.S. found in surface as well as filtered drinking water. 33 Protozoal and Worms

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