water pollution control and measurment

Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.

1. Control of water pollution Presented by Rekha 4 th semester 26 February 2015 BBAU Lucknow.

2. WASTEWATER

3. NEED FOR WATER MANAGEMENT Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing. In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water. The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use. Thousands of gallons of water can be saved if we keep our drainage system proper. Many non-profit organizations are coming forward and they approach people for the noble cause of saving water. They educate people that how they can manage and save water in their homes. A lot of water gets wasted due to leakage in water pipes. If we check all pipes and connections timely, then we can avoid leakage problems.

4. Bringing Awareness Measure 1 is bringing awareness among people. So people must be against of dumping wastes and sewage in to fresh water. They must force the government to go for an alternate way like treating the sewage before dumping. And people who dump wastes must be penalised. PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION Leakages from Drainage Pipe Lines Leakages from drainage pipe lines must be avoided. If this enters fresh water it causes water pollution. So leakages must be avoided by repairing immediately. Industrial Wastes Industrial wastes are  the main cause of water pollution.  They often dump all these wastes in to near by lakes or rivers. So government must pass strict orders not to dump wastes in to rivers. They must be provided with other options like treatment of that wastes before dumping.

5. DON’T Use too much Pesticides Farmers must take care and see that they don't use too much pesticides. This will prevent runoffs of the material into nearby water sources . Avoid Paint and Petroleum to Sinks Do not throw paints or petroleum products in to your toilets or sinks. Since paints and petroleum products cannot be treated they should not be dumped to sewage water as it results in long lasting effects Avoid Oil Spills in Oceans Oil spills in ocean are one of the major contributors of water pollution. So ships must transport oil only when weather conditions are good. During storms ships must not be allowed to transport oil which might result in shipwrecks and eventually oil spills .

6. GANGA ACTION PLAN The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by  Rajiv Gandhi  in 1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river. Human waste- domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation Industrial waste- dumping untreated waste into it. Religious events - During festival seasons, people bathe in the Ganges to cleanse themselves from their sins.. A  Hindu  belief is that dropping the ashes of cremated bodies (at Varanasi) in the Ganges would give Moksha (liberation) to the jiva (soul).

7. Characteristics Designated best use A B C D E Dissolved Oxygen (DO)mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 - Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)mg/l, max 2 3 3 - - Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml, max 50 500 5,000 - - pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5 Colour, Hazen units, max. 10 300 300 - - Odour Un-objectionable   - - Taste Tasteless - - - - Total dissolved solids, mg/l, max. 500 - 1,500 - 2,100 Total hardness (as CaCO 3 ), mg/l, max. 200 - - - - Calcium hardness (as CaCO 3 ), mg/l, max. 200 - - - - Magnesium hardness (as CaCO 3 ), mg/l, max. 200 - - - - Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 1.5 - 1.5 - - Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. 0.3 - 0.5 - - Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. 0.5 - - - - Cholorides (as Cu), mg/l, max. 250 - 600 - 600 Sulphates (as SO 4 ), mg/l, max. 400 - 400 - 1,000 Nitrates (as NO 3 ), mg/l, max. 20 - 50 - - Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max. 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - Phenolic compounds (as C 2 H 5 OH), mg/l, max. 0.002 0.005 0.005 - - Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. 0.001 - - - - Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.01 - - Salenium (as Se), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.05 - - Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - Cyanide (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.05 0.05 - - Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.1 - 0.1 - - Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 15 - 15 - - Water Quality Standards in India (Source IS 2296:1992 )  

8. Parameter World Health Organization European Union United States China Arsenic 10μ g/l 10 μ g/l 10μ g/l 50μ g/l Antimony ns 5.0 μ g/l 6.0 μ g/l “ Boron 2.4mg/l 1.0 mg/L “ “ Cadmium 3 μ g/l 5 μ g/l 5 μ g/l 5 μ g/l Chromium 50μ g/l 50 μ g/l 0.1 mg/L 50 μ g/l (Cr6) Copper “ 2.0 mg/l TT 1 mg/l Cyanide “ 50 μ g/l 0.2 mg/L 50 μ g/l Fluoride 1.5 mg/l 1.5 mg/l 4 mg/l 1 mg/l Lead “ 10 μ g/l 15 μ g/l 10 μ g/l Mercury 6 μ g/l 1 μ g/l 2 μ g/l 0.05 μ g/l Nickel “ 20 μ g/l “ “ Nitrate 50 mg/l 50 mg/l 10 mg/L (as N) 10 mg/L (as N) Nitrite “ 0.50 mg/l 1 mg/L (as N) “ Pesticides (individual) “ 0.10 μ g/ l “ “ Pesticides — Total “ 0.50 μ g/l “ “ Selenium 40 μ g/l 10 μ g/l 50 μ g/l 10 μ g/l

9. MEASUREMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.

10. Quantitative Water Quality Tests  Fecal Coliform/Coliform  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)  Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)  Temperature  Turbidity/Total Suspended Solids (TSS)  Heavy metals, (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium)  Carbon dioxide  Nitrite  Salinity  Ammonia            Macro or micronutrients (e.g., K, S, Mo) Chlorine Iron Selenium Hardness Sulfate and Sulfite Methane Conductivity/Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) Color Odor Synthetic organics (e.g., pesticides, PCBs)

11. pH Measures hydrogen ion concentration Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units pH 7 neutral 0 - 7 acidic 7 - 14 alkaline Thanks to Phil Brown

12. Solubility of Specific Ions Based on Water pH Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8. pH - Scientists measure pH to determine the concentration of hydrogen in the water. Most waters range from 6.5 to 8.5. Changes in pH can affect how chemicals dissolve in the water and whether organisms are affected by them. High acidity can be deadly to fish and other aquatic organisms. Low pH - corrosion, metallic taste High pH – bitter/soda taste, deposits a decrease in pH (below 6) may increase the amount of mercury soluble in water. An increase in pH (above 8.5) enhances the conversion of nontoxic ammonia (ammonium ion) to a toxic form of ammonia (un-ionized ammonia).

13. CONDUCTIVITY Measures electric conductivity (EC) of water Higher value means water is a better electrical conductor Increases when more salt (e.g., sodium chloride) is dissolved in water Indirect measure of salinity Units are μ mhos/cm at 25 o C or μ Siemens/cm Thanks to Phil Brown

14. SALINITY Classification of Ground Water Composition Based on Total Dissolved Solids Content Salts in Sea Water Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l) Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l Moderatly saline water 3,000 - 10,000 mg/l Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l Sea water > 35,000 mg/ l

15. TURBIDITY Turbidity is a measure of the amount of total suspended solid (TSS) particles in the water. Algae, suspended sediment, and organic matter particles can cloud the water making it more turbid. Suspended particles diffuse sunlight and absorb heat. This can increase temperature and reduce light available for algal photosynthesis . If the turbidity is caused by suspended sediment, it can be an indicator of erosion, either natural or man-made. Suspended sediments can clog the gills of fish. Once the sediment settles, it can foul gravel beds and smother fish eggs and benthic insects. The sediment can also carry pathogens, pollutants and nutrients The units of turbidity from a calibrated nephelometer are called Nephelometric Turbidity Units ( NTU ).

16. TURBIDITY Measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) Estimates light scattering by suspended particles Photocell set at 90 o to the direction of light beam to estimate scattered rather than absorbed light Good correlation with concentration of particles in water. Thanks to Phil Brown

17. Alkalinity Alkanity in wastewater results from the presence of the Hydroxides [OH-] carbonates (CO 3 - ) ,and bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) of elements such as Ca, Mg Na, K and ammonia . Of these Ca Mg bicarbonates are most common. Other ions such as orthophosphate (HPO 4 - ), borates, may contribute to alkalinity but in small amounts acid neutralizing capacity” Alkalinity in wastewater helps to resist change in pH caused by the addition of acid wastewater is normally alkaline , receiving its alkalinity from the water supply ,the ground water and the materials added during domestic use .Important because it buffers the water against changes in pH

18. Temperature If the temperature gets too hot or too cold for some organisms, they die. Temperature also can affect the chemistry of the water. For example, warm water holds less oxygen than cold water. A healthy cluster of trees and vegetation next to a stream or river helps keep temperatures cool for trout and other fish . Temperatures can increase the solubility and thus toxicity of certain compounds. These elements include heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc and lead as well as compounds like ammonia . Water temperature can not only increase the solubility of toxic compounds, but it can also influence an organism’s tolerance limit . Mortality rates for zinc are significantly higher at temperatures above 25°C than at temperatures below 20°C . This occurs because tissue permeability, metabolic rate and oxygen consumption all increase with increased water temperature. In one study on labeo bata fish, the 24 hour 50% lethal concentration (LC50) at 15°C was 540 mg/L, while at 30°C, the LC50 dropped to 210 mg/L .

19. Dissolved Oxygen Amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in water Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration, and through photosynthesis DO range from 0-18 mg/l Need 5-6 mg/l to support a diverse population DO < 2 mg/l – Hypoxia The Winkler test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples Thanks to Phil Brown CBOD=Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand NBOD = Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand

20. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Measures oxygen required for biological oxidation of biodegrable compounds. BOD: oxygen uptake by microorganism during aerobic growth in ww sample Standard BOD: 5 day incubation @ 20°C Samples require a series of dilutions to achieve suitable oxygen consumption Pure water BOD = 1 ppm Polluted water BOD = 5 ppm or above

21. WHO Standard COD value=10mg/l

22. D ifferences between BOD and COD measurements . Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Measure the amount of food (or organic carbons) that bacteria can oxidize. Measures the content of all chemicals present in the water that are capable of being oxidized by the oxidizing agent. Slow : five days required for BOD studies. Faster : takes just two hours to complete. Can only be use to test water from wastewater treatment plants that do not contain toxic industrial wastes. *industrial wastewater that is rich in cyanides or heavy metal ions is toxic to the bacteria. Can be use to test water from industrial and domestic waste water.

23. Toxicity Toxic Substances - Scientists also test for many harmful (toxic) things like metal, pesticides, and oil. For example, scientists are finding mercury in certain types of fish, especially in lakes and estuaries. Mercury comes from mining, natural sources and air harmful substances are a problem in a stream, lake or bay . Nutrient s - The two major nutrients scientists measure are nitrogen and phosphorus. The presence of too many nutrients can hurt aquatic organisms by causing lots of algae to grow in the water. Nutrients can also affect pH, water clarity and temperature, and cause water to smell and look bad . Algae blooms DO changes, fish kills Shift of trophic status toward eutrophication. Drinking water impairment (direct and indirect) Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell) Uptake and release of toxics

24. Fecal coliform and total coliform Increased levels of fecal coliforms (fecal bacteria) provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, or possible contamination with pathogens . The assay is intended to be an indicator of fecal contamination , or more specifically E. coli which is an indicator microorganism for other pathogens that may be present in feces . EPA acceptable Levels is 0 colonies . Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered indicators of water contaminated with fecal matter. Contaminated water may contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause illness) that are more difficult to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in giving us a measure of contamination levels

25. Indicator species Amphibians  Include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and gymnophiona , and are cold- blooded animals that metamorphose from a juvenile, water-breathing form to an adult, air-breathing form.  Are indicator species of ecological conditions relating to global warming, air pollution chemicals, stormwater runoff, and newly extant diseases (e.g. fungus).

26. Control of water pollution act Safe Water Drinking Act 1974 Established maximum contaminate levels Regulated volatile organic compounds Required lead-free plumbing Well-head protection Clean water act 1972 R estore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations water. p rovide enforcement mechanisms (e.g. civil actions/criminal penalties ) to ensure. Reduce polluted runoff from urban areas and animal feeding operations.

27. Water Pollution Control Policy: Domestic Dimension [U.S.] Water Pollution Control Act, 1956 ( i ) Federal financial support for construction of waste treatment plants focused on a control strategy based on subsidizing construction of waste treatment plants as a particular control activity. Municipalities would receive grant of upto 55% for construction of waste treatment plants. (ii ) Enforcement conference mechanism sought to effect direct federal regulation of waste discharges Federal authority could call for a conference of interstate water pollution problem.