Water quality assessment

1. Presentation topic Water Quality Assessment By Maryum Atique M. Phill chemistry University of Agriculture FSD.

2. CONTENTS Introduction Quality Assessment and its Importance Type of Quality Parameter Explanation and Discussion Applications of Q.A. Questions and Answer session

3. HYDROSPHERE It Contain all the water resources It include (Oceans,Rivers,lakes,Glaciers,Ground Water etc) Oceans contain 97%,high salt contents, not useable Glaciers contain 2% Fresh water (surface water,rivers,lakes,ground water) 1%

4. Fresh water consumption 1% fresh water is consumed as 69% is used in agriculture 23% is used in industries 8% is used for domestic purpose

5. Water Quality Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is polluted or not. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human health and drinking water. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium.

6. Water quality assessment Water quality is determined by assessing three classes of parameters: biological, chemical, and physical. Biological parameter : Biological attributes refer to the number and types of organisms that inhabit a waterway Chemical parameters: include DO,COD,BOD,HARDNESS,Silanity,pH etc Assessment of water quality by its chemistry includes measures of many elements and molecules dissolved or suspended. Physical parameters : includes TSS,TDS,Temp,colour,odour,etc

7. Water quality parameter are considered of primary importance to the quality of drinking water the EPA drinking water standards are categorized as primary drinking water standards and secondary drinking water standards Primary drinking water standards regulate organic and inorganic chemicals, microbial pathogens, and radioactive elements that may affect the safety of drinking water Secondary drinking water standards regulate chloride, colour, copper, corrosivity , foaming agents, iron, manganese, odour, pH, sulfates , total dissolved solids, and zinc, all of which may affect qualities of drinking water like taste, odour, colour, and appearance.

8. BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Biological attributes refer to the  number and types of organisms  that inhabit a waterway Bioassessment of macro invertebrates is a procedure that uses inexpensive equipment, is scientifically valid if done correctly, Bioassessments can provide benchmarks to which other waters may be compared and can also be used to define rehabilitation goals and to monitor trends Method (Sample+TSB+25 t035C+72 Hours)

9. Chemical Assessment Commonly measured chemical parameters include pH,alkalinity , hardness, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, ortho and total phosphates, and dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand Chemical measures can also be used to detect imbalances within the ecosystem. In addition, some "chemical" measurements actually indicate the physical presence of pollutants in water. These include measurements such as conductivity and density.

10. DO Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium  It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an opted in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit is milligrams per litre (mg/l) or parts per million ( ppm ). Also known as Oxy.saturation Prob are like fule cell.semipermiable membrine

11. DO Probe

12. BOD Biochemical oxygen demand or B.O.D is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period  This is not a precise quantitative test although it is widely used as an indication of the organic quality of water  The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C  Method

13. COD  chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water  Most applications of COD determine the amount of  organic   pollutants  found in  surface water  (e.g.  lakes  and  rivers ) or  wastewater . It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L)  Strong oxidizing agent are used at acidic conditions COD = (C/FW)(RMO)(32) Where C = Concentration of oxidizable compound in the sample ,FW = Formula weight of the oxidizable compound in the sample ,RMO = Ratio of the # of moles of oxygen to # of moles of oxidizable compound in their reaction to CO 2 , water, and ammonia For example, if a sample has 500 wppm of phenol: C 6 H 5 OH + 7O 2  → 6CO 2  + 3H 2 OCOD = (500/94)(7)(32) = 1191 wppm

14. IMPORTANCE Every living thing on earth needs water to survive  Human bodies are made up of more than 60 percent water  We use  clean water  to drink, grow crops for food, operate factories, and for swimming, surfing, fishing and sailing. Water is vitally important to every aspect of our lives Monitoring the quality of surface water will help protect our waterways from pollution. Farmers Our local, state and national governments use monitoring information to help control pollution levels.  Water quality can be difficult to measure. Water is a vast network of branching  rivers, springs, creeks, swamps, estuaries, wetlands, lakes, bays, etc so the more we monitor our water the better we will be able to recognize and prevent contamination problems.

15. SOME PARAMETERS Color : colorless TDS : < 400 ppm TSS : < ,80 ppm Fe : Odor: Odorless pH : 6 to 8 Temp.15 to 25 DO : >5ppm Salinity : <50 ppm Ozone : < 0.005 ppm

16. Water Quality Standards Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Alkalinity (as CaCO 3 ) 50-300 Ammonia (NH 3 -N unionized) <0.0125 (Salmonids) Ammonia (TAN) Cool-water fish <1.0 Ammonia (TAN) Warm-water fish <3.0 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Tolerant Species (tilapia) <60 Sensitive Species ( salmonids ) <20

17. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Water Quality Standards Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Hardness, Total (as CaCO 3 ) >100 Iron (Fe) <0.15 Nitrogen (N 2 ) <110% total gas pressure <103 % as nitrogen gas Nitrite (NO 2 ) <1, 0.1 in soft water Nitrate (NO 3 ) 0-400 or higher

18. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course Water Quality Standards Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Oxygen Dissolved (DO) >5 > 90 mm Hg partial pressure Ozone (O 3 ) <0.005 pH 6.5-8.5 Salinity <0.5 to 1 Total dissolved solids (TDS) <400 Total suspended solids (TSS) <80