water quality index and enviromental analysis

water quality

1. r, •. Environmental Quality Analysis Insitu Analysis Sample Collection Laboratory Analysis

2. r, •.  Salinity  Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) INSITU ANALYSIS  Dissolved Oxygen (DO)  pH  Conductivity  Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

3. r, •. Ins i tu An al ys is HACH pH meter Calibration?

4. r, •. In Situ Measurement At Selected Water Quality Station The D.O meter is turned on by pressing the 'ON' button on the device. The 'CAL' (calibration) button is pressed to carry out the instrument calibration process before the measurement work is carried out. The 'DO' button is pressed to calibrate the instrument. The calibration standard value of the tool shows a reading of 100%. Next, the 'CFM' (Confirm) button is pressed to confirm the calibration. The DO Meter probe is inserted into the water at a depth of ± 300 mm The Auto End button is pressed after the temperature reading is in a stable state. The 'Hold' menu is displayed on the screen and the DO percentage reading is recorded. The 'MODE' button is pressed to obtain a DO reading in mg/l units and recorded in the form.    

5. r, •. In Situ Measurement At Selected Water Quality Station The 'MODE' button on the pH Tester is pressed until the text 'CAL' (calibration) appears. pH 7.01 Buffer Solution is poured into the container and the pH Tester is inserted into the container until the 'REC' (Record) and 'OK' readings are displayed. pH 4.01 Buffer Solution is poured into the container and the pH Tester is inserted into the container until the 'REC' (Record) and 'OK' readings are displayed. The cover of the pH Tester is opened and the Electrode Cleaning Solution is inserted into the cover of the pH Tester. The lid of the pH Tester is closed and left for 1 minute. The pH Tester cover is opened and the Electrode Cleaning Solution is discarded. The pH Tester is turned on by pressing the MODE button. pH Tester is inserted into the lake water until the pH and Temperature readings are stable. The set button is pressed to record the pH and Temperature readings. the lid of the pH Tester is closed again and left for 1 minute. The cover of the waterproof tester is opened and the Electrode Cleaning Solution is removed. pH Tester is cleaned and the cover is closed.

6. r, •.  Sampling stations for rivers, lakes  River: point source and station for nonpoint source, depending on requirements, upstream, middle and downstream  Lakes/ reservoir: 2 sampling points

7. r, •. Va n Dorn Wa ter S am p l er Horizontal: for rivers Vertical: for lakes/ reservoir

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9. r, •. PR E S E R VA T IO N O F S A MPL ES  In general, the shorter the time that elapses between collection of a sample and its analysis, the more reliable will be the analytical results.  Metal/ Heavy Metal Analysis – hydrochloric acid (HCl) or nitric acid (HNO 3 ) for 6 months at 4 o C  Nutrients – sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) for 1 month 4 o C  Concentration of acid = 10%, 1 mL for 1 liter sample 3 2  Do not preserve for BOD, NO X , NO X , alkalinity, acidity, chlorophyllXa

10. r, •. WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE A standard sampler was inserted into the lake water to a depth of 300mm. A standard sampler weight is released to cover both ends of the cap to trap the water sample inside. The water sampler is lifted, the water trapped in the water sampler are put into sample bottles A and B through the existing pipeline. A few drops of sulfuric acid are put into bottle B. The water sample that has been mixed with acid is mixed using a glass rod. The pH value of the water sample in bottle B was measured and recorded in the form. The pH value of bottled water sample B must be less than two. If the pH reading is above two, sulfuric acid should be added to the bottled water sample. Bottle A is raw water and no acid needs to be added. The water sample cover is tightly closed and no. samples, the date and time of sampling are recorded on bottles A and B. Bottled water samples A and B were sent to the Kedah State Chemistry Department to be analyzed for four parameters, namely biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and suspended solids (SS).    

11. r, •. A standard sampler was inserted into the lake water to a depth of 300mm. A standard sampler weight is released to cover both ends of the cap to trap the water sample inside. The water sampler is lifted, the water trapped in the water sampler are put into plastic sample through the existing pipeline. Water sample are tied neatly. The water sample is put into a cooling container.   WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE

12. r, •.  Analysis of organics, inorganics (metals) and algae  Equipment that can be used are HACH DR5000 Spectrophotometer AAS GC or GCMS Fluorometer LAB ANA L Y SIS

13. r, •.  An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved, and some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells.

14. r, •. Analysis for nutrients: Total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH3), nitrate, nitrite Total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate (PO 4 3X ) Can also be used for metals and many more parameter Detection limit for metals is not as good as using AAS HACH DR 5000 SPE C T R O P H O T O M E T E R

15. r, •. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)  In analytical chemistry , Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy can be used to analyze the concentration of over 62 different metals in a solution.

16. r, •. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)

17. r, •. Ahning Lake WQI (2019 - 2023) NWQS, DOE

18. r, •. Ahning Lake DO (2019 -2023) NLWQS, NAHRIM Ahning Lake DO (2019 -2023) NWQS, DOE

19. r, •. Ahning Lake pH (2019-2023) NLWQS, NAHRIM Ahning Lake pH (2019-2023) NWQS, DOE

20. r, •. DATA AND ANALYSIS Ahning Lake NH 3 -N (2019-2023) NWQS, DOE

21. r, •. DATA AND ANALYSIS Ahning Lake BOD 5 (2019-2023) NWQS, DOE

22. r, •. DATA AND ANALYSIS Ahning Lake COD (2019-2023) NLWQS, NAHRIM Ahning Lake COD (2019-2023) NWQS, DOE

23. r, •. DATA AND ANALYSIS Ahning Lake SS (2019-2023) NLWQS, NAHRIM Ahning Lake SS (2019-2023) NWQS, DOE

24. r, •. WQI FORMULA AND CALCULATION FORMULA WQI = (0.22 * SIDO) + (0.19 * SIBOD) + (0.16 *SICOD) + (0.15 * SIAN) + (0.16 * SISS) +(0.12 * SIpH ) where; SIDO = Subindex DO (% saturation) SIBOD = Subindex BOD SICOD = Subindex COD SIAN = Subindex NH3-N SISS = Subindex SS SIpH = Subindex pH 0 ≤ WQI ≤ 100 BEST FIT EQUATIONS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS SUBINDEX VALUES Subindex for DO (in % saturation) SIDO = 0 for x ≤ 8 SIDO = 100 for x ≥ 92 SIDO = -0.395 + 0.030x2 - 0.00020x3 for 8 < x < 92

25. r, •. Subindex for BOD SIBOD = 100.4 - 4.23x for x ≤ 5 SIBOD = 108 * exp(-0.055x) - 0.1x for x > 5 Subindex for COD SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1 for x ≤ 20 SICOD = 103 * exp(-0.0157x) - 0.04x for x > 20 Subindex for NH3-N SIAN = 100.5 - 105x for x ≤ 0.3 SIAN = 94 * exp(-0.573x) - 5 * I x – 2 I for 0.3 < x < 4 SIAN = 0 for x ≥ 4 Subindex for SS SISS = 97.5 * exp(-0.00676x) + 0.05x for x ≤ 100 SISS = 71 * exp(-0.0061x) - 0.015x for 100 < x < 1000 SISS = 0 for x ≥ 1000 Subindex for pH SIpH = 17.2 - 17.2x + 5.02x 2 for x < 5.5 SIpH = -242 + 95.5x - 6.67x 2 for 5.5 ≤ x < 7 SIpH = -181 + 82.4x - 6.05x 2 for 7 ≤ x < 8.75 SIpH = 536 - 77.0x + 2.76x 2 for x ≥ 8.75 Note: * means multiply with

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29. r, •. Kebanyakan parameter yang dipantau mematuhi National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) Kelas I di Ahning dan Pedu Muda – Indeks WQI pada Kelas II sepanjang masa Kebanyakan parameter yang dipantau mematuhi piawai dan Kriteria Kualiti Air Tasik (NLWQS) Agihan bulanan untuk Indeks Kualiti Air (WQI) di Takungan Ahning, Pedu & Muda dipantau oleh MADA WQI Class I: >92.7 WQI Class I: >92.7 WQI Class I: >92.7 Analisis Kualiti Air – data sekunder Penilaian Kualiti Air

30. r, •. Kebanyakan parameter yang dipantau mematuhi di Ahning, Pedu & Muda Reservoir mematuhi Kategori A, piawai dan Kriteria Kualiti Air Tasik (NLWQS) Nilai COD rendah – musim kering. Nilai BOD, COD tinggi – musim basah COD meningkat dengan kandungan bahan organik. Air yang mengandungi nilai COD yang tinggi kebiasaan mengandungi paras bahan tumbuhan mereput dan sisa manusia yang tinggi. Analisis Kualiti Air - primer Penilaian Kualiti Air

31. r, •. Kepekatan logam berat adalah rendah kecuali bagi parameter Aluminium (Al) di Muda dan Manganese (Mn) di Ahning (musim kering) Al & Mn adalah logam yang sangat banyak dalam kerak bumi dan ia boleh larut lesap dari batu dan tanah untuk memasuki mana-mana sumber air Analisis Kualiti Air Penilaian Kualiti Air

32. r, •. Klasifikasi Empangan berdasarkan sejarah data kualiti air CLUSTER II – Moderate Pollution Source CLUSTER I – Low Pollution Source CLUSTER III – High Pollution Source Ahning Dam Pedu Dam Muda Dam Penilaian Kualiti Air