water related diseases

Water borne disease transmission mechanisms

1. WATER BASED DISEASE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM Presented by , A. Sudha, M. Sc. Applied Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur .

2. INTRODUCTION Water is the major cause of disease in the developing country Waterborne disease cause more than 2 million deaths annually IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY Safe water is a precondition for health and development and a basic human right. Water – related disease caused by insufficient safe water supplies coupled with poor sanitation and Hygiene.

3. TERMS TO BE KNOWN Potable (clean) Water : It’s free of all objectional material including pathogens, tastes, odors , colours, toxins, radioactive materials, microorganisms, oils, gases , etc., Contaminated or Polluted Water : Water contaminated with sewage, domestic or industrial waste with chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms.

4. DISEASE RELATED TO WATER WATER – BORNE DISEASES Cholera, Typhoid, Amoebic and Bacillary dysentery – Diarrheal diseases WATER – WASHED DISEASES Scabies, Trachoma, Flies, Lice and Tick born diseases WATER – BASED DISEASES Schistosomiasis, Dracunculiasis etc., WATER- RELATED DISEASES Filariasis, Malaria, Onchocerciasis, Trypanosomiasis, Yellow fever etc.,

5. WATER – BORNE DISEASES Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal faeces or urine, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms such as many Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa and Parasites can cause disease when ingested.

6. Bacteria DISEASES MICROBIAL AGENT SOURCES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter jejuni Drinking water contaminated with feces Causes dysentery like symptoms along with high fever, Usually lasts 2- 10 days E. Coli infection Escherichia coli Water contaminated with bacteria Mostly Diarrhea , cause death due to dehydration in immunocompromised patients Typhoid Salmonella typhi Ingestion of contaminated water with feaces of an infected person Fever 40˚C , Diarrhea , spleen and liver enlargement, less commonly rash

7. DISEASES MICROBIAL AGENT SOURCES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS Dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Water contaminated with the bacteria Frequent passage of feces with blood and/ or mucus and also blood vomiting Legionellosis Legionella pneumophila Contaminated water Fever, chills, pneumonia, muscle aches, malaise, diarhhea and vomiting Cholera Vibrio cholerae Drinking water contaminated with bacteria Fatal illness, watery diarrhea , nausea, cramps, nosebleed, vomiting, and hypovolemic shock Yersiniosis Yersinia enterocolitica Contaminated water with bacteria that has pig feces Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea , Pseudomonas infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa Water contaminated with these germs Pneumonia, UTI, bloodstream infection, fever and chills, tiredness

8. VIRUSES DISEASES MICROBIAL AGENT SOURCES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS Adenovirus infection Adenovirus Manifests itself in improperly treated water Common cold symptoms, pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis Poliomyelitis Polio virus Enters water through the feces of infected individuals 90-95% of people shows no symptoms, some have headache, fever and seizures , paralysis too Hepatitis Hepatitis A virus Manifests itself in water Fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, itching, jaundice and depression Gastroenteritis Rotavirus Drinking contaminated water Watery diarrhea , vomiting , fever, abdominal fever Gastroenteritis Noroviruses and Sapoviruses Drinking Contaminated water with tiny particles of feces Severe vomiting and diarrhea

9. PROTOZOA DISEASES MICROBIAL AGENT SOURCES OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum Water tainted with infected persons stool Watery diarrhea , stomach cramps, vomiting and weight loss Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Improper sanitary condition of water Amebic dysentery, stomach pain, cramp, bloody stool Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Contaminated water , in poor sanitation area 2- 5 loose stools per day with increased fatigue Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Naegleria fowleri Water contaminated protozoa enters through nose Fever, headache, nausea, or vomiting Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Ingestion of oocysts in feces of infected cats that contaminate water Muscle pain, fever, headache, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes

10. WATER – WASHED DISEASES Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water

11. Soil Transmitted helminths Transmitted primarily through contact with contaminated soil. The most prevalent helminths are Ascaris : Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides Symptoms : severe abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss , vomiting and worm in vomit or stool Hook worm : Caused by Ancylostoma duodenale Symptoms: Itching and localized rash, diarrhea , loss of appetite, weight loss and anemia Whipworm : Trichuris trichiura Symptoms: Frequent painful bowl movement that contain mixture of mucus , water and blood Improved hygiene practice and sanitation can reduce disease incidence

12. ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS Acute respiratory infection (ARI) including pneumonia are responsible for approximately 19% of total child death every year There is an increasing body of evidence demonstrating that good hygiene practices , especially hand washing with soap, can significantly reduce the transmission of ARI

13. SKIN AND EYE DISEASES Trachoma It’s caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria which inflame the eye The best control method for trachoma is improved access to water for face washing

14. RINGWORM INFECTION Caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton also caused by Tinea corporis Transmitted by Showering with contaminated water It’s an infectious disease of the skin , scalp, or nails.

15. WATER – BASED DISEASES Diseases caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water

16. Schistosomiasis Also known as Bilharziasis Infection caused by Flatworms called Schistosomes . They spend their part of their life cycle inside the snail host People become infected through contact with infected water, mainly during fishing and agricultural activities. Symptoms : Rash or itchy skin, fever, chills, cough and muscle aches

17. DRACUNCULIASIS Also known as Guinea – worm disease Caused by roundworm Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm larvae in water bodies are ingested by Cyclops water flea. People become infected by drinking water contaminated with cyclops : the larvae are released in the stomach, migrate through the intestinal wall, and grow to adult worms. Symptoms : Allergic reactions, urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and asthmatic attack

18. WATER – RELATED DISEASES Water- related diseases are caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed or feed near contaminated water

19. Mosquito BORNE DISEASES Consideration of vector control can reduce the potential for water related disease transmission The mosquito and flies are most common vectors Mosquito borne diseases are Malaria by Plasmodium sp Yellow fever by Arbo virus Dengue fever by Virus and vector Aedes aegypti Filariasis by Wuchereria bancrofti

20. FLY - BORNE DISEASES Onchocerciasis ( River blindness) caused by Filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus Trypanosomiasis ( Western African Sleeping sickness) Caused by a parasite Trypanosoma bruce Leishmaniasis ( Kala- azar) Loiasis Caused by parasitic worm Loa loa

21. THANK YOU