Water resource management

WATER IS CALLED LIFE. NO WATER NO LIFE. BUT BY THE TIME AMOUNT OF WATER IS SHRINKING. MANY COUNTRY IS SCARCE FOR WATER. WE NEED TO REDUCE OF MISUSE OF WATER.

1. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NAME- CHAITALI PAL

2. INTRODUCTION Earth is a watery planet, as nearly 71% of its surface area is covered with water ( oceans and seas ). Only 1% is available for consumable usage that too is not equally distributed at all regions. In addition to the water in oceans and seas, the water is held in lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, marshes etc. and it is also locked in polar ice caps and glaciers. It is due to this dominance of water that the earth appears a beautiful blue ball in stark contrast to the blackness of space. Vast amounts of water also exist in liquid form underground and as water vapour in the atmosphere. All of this water is linked in a continuous cycle of evaporation, precipitation and run off termed as the ‘hydrological cycle’. Through the millennia of the earth’s existence, the hydrological cycle is being driven by the sun’s energy and has been recycling the same water. Water is synonymous with life. It is the largest constituent of living organisms, and it is also a habitat in which life evolved on earth and exists today.

3. Water Resources Management is the integrating concept for a number of water sub-sectors such as hydropower, water supply and sanitation, irrigation and drainage, and environment. An integrated water resources perspective ensures that social, economic, environmental and technical dimensions are taken into account in the management and development of water resources. Water management is a scientific, technological, economical, administrative and executive activity, which aims at optimal phasing of the nature water cycle and the water needs of the society. It can be defined as the implementation of best practices for effective quantitative and qualitative planning, development, distribution, and utilization of water. Foundation is conservation, or reducing water use through improved operation of existing equipment and processes. WHAT IS WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ? The water resources management includes: The quantitative and qualitative exploration of water resources Water needs and inventory records. Measurement and matching of the water resources and water needs (demands) in a special system. Decision support depending with light of the results.

4. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222550165_Challenges_for_integrated_water_resources_management&psig=AOvVaw2q0i9ZDSeySWS11eg1Op6_&ust=1606735095060000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOjolOrQp-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

5. OBJECTIVES OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Equity It is necessary for a peaceful society. It is about just distribution of “goods and services, wealth and income, or opportunity and disadvantage.” If the resource in distribution is in abundant supply, equity is not an issue; if, however, supply is scarce, the question of distributive equity is an issue. Sustainability Human development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In order to conserve water to help alleviate poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and diseases afflicting billions of people, moral codes, appropriate institutions and technologies which are established and implemented in a coherent and integrated fashion, are increasingly needed to ensure sufficient, adequate and equitable access to water. 

6. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sketchbubble.com%2Fen%2Fpresentation-water-resource-management.html&psig=AOvVaw1L_oAPiAnqzZOr2NsFETnm&ust=1606734949071000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJjGnKTQp-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

7. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Elements: The atmosphere, watersheds (drainage basins), stream channels, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and the ocean. Examples of nonstructural measures, which do not require constructed facilities, are pricing schedules, zoning, incentives, public relations, regulatory programs, and insurance. Multiple Purposes: Integrated water resources management considers the viewpoints of water management agencies with specific purposes, governmental and stakeholder groups, geographic regions, and disciplines of knowledge.

8. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrivers.org%2Fconservation-resources%2Fintegrated-water-management%2F&psig=AOvVaw1L_oAPiAnqzZOr2NsFETnm&ust=1606734949071000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJjGnKTQp-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

9.   Water scarcity can be categorized into economic and physical water scarcity - Economic Human, Institutional, and financial capital limit access to water even though water in nature us available to meet local demands. Physical Although physical scarcity of water is challenging to overcome through conservation and water resource management tools, economic policies can be modified to provide water to those who face scarcity despite presence of water resources. Water Scarcity Problems That Have Led To the Need for Water Resource Management Why do we need Water Resource Management? The world’s resources are finite, and growth that is unmanaged and not sustainable will lead to increased poverty and decline of the environment. We owe it to future generations to find paths of development that will effectively balance progress with awareness of its environmental impact.

10. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FKaium3g%2Fintroduction-to-water-resource-management&psig=AOvVaw2q0i9ZDSeySWS11eg1Op6_&ust=1606735095060000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOjolOrQp-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

11. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Physical Problems: I) Poorly developed water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. II) Incomplete water monitoring systems. Water Pricing Problems: I) Lower water prices -> excessive water use in agriculture Organizational Problems: I) Integrated Water Resources Management has not been fully implemented in most of Asia and the Pacific.

12. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT There is a compelling case for adopting integrated water resources management approaches. It s hould be conducted within a national economic framework as a key element in sustainable economic development and poverty alleviation. Management can provide for: Reconciling equity and efficiency in the allocation of resources, provision of water services, and protection of the resource base. Promoting the use of best practices and appropriate technologies for managing water demand and supply. A credible legal framework for water is vital to achieving water security. It provides a clear system for addressing specific issues of shared water development and management and identifying legal rights and obligations in water use.

13. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.fu-berlin.de%2Fen%2Fv%2Fiwrm%2FImplementation%2Findex.html&psig=AOvVaw2jgpH1QVQ2aooFEAileA8i&ust=1606735259251000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLCwtbbRp-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

14. NEED FOR WATER LAWS A credible legal framework for water is vital to achieving water security. It provides a clear system for addressing specific issues of shared water development and management and identifying legal rights and obligations in water use. Water laws ensure compliance and help resolve disputes (since transboundary water issues are a common cause of conflict). Worldwide, there are at least 300 international water agreements, often among parties at odds. Demonstrates the potential of shared water resources to foster trust and promote peace.

15. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Policymakers need to give more attention to demand management and changing the behavior of people through incentives, regulations, and education to reallocate existing supplies to higher-value uses, promote efficient use through conservation, and facilitate more equitable access. Build awareness at all levels. Build capacity including: a) Strengthening participatory frameworks. b) Promoting community ownership and management. c) Developing operational monitoring and evaluation procedures. Promote an enabling environment through: a) Continuously monitoring and evaluating policy and action plans b) Declaring a water policy with explicit recognition of basin and aquifer management c) Ensuring effective regulation d) Adopting appropriate instruments for allocation.

16. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Cope with variability and change including- a) Structural and non-structural solutions for flood damage reduction. b) Reducing impacts of flooding on inhabitants of affected areas c) Developing programs for drought preparedness. Promote regional cooperation through: a) Developing approaches to international management but building on a sound national base. b) Adopting cooperative strategies.

17. Actions to Implement Management Strategies Countries need to develop profiles of current freshwater management, identifying the factors that impede progress toward integrated water resource management. Starting from a local level, there is a need to: a) Design appropriate water resource and environmental management strategies. b) Strengthen the capacity of communities in the management of their water resources. Develop estimates of national water expenditures and benefits to assist in setting priorities. Adopt technologies for water conservation, re-use, and improved efficiency in irrigation. Support water monitoring.

18. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA In pre-British India water management was essentially a local matter and was in the hands of the community. This changed with the arrival of the British period and of modernity. Control over water resources passed from the hands of the community into those of the state. While ownership of natural resources was claimed by the state, management passed into the hands of engineers and bureaucrats. The induction to western engineering ushered in the era of large dams and there was a concomitant decline of traditional forms of small scale, local, community-managed systems of water harvesting and management. These new projects became symbols of development. Government initiatives for water resource management are outlined in National Water Policy, 1987, National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development, 1992, and Policy Statement for Abatement Pollution, 1992. The strategy and policy statement prescribe command and control, technological zoning, fiscal incentives and use of economic instruments as mechanisms for of water pollution control. The present approach to control water pollution in India is to use regularity instruments along with systems for monitoring the prescribed standards to achieve the governments policy goals. This standards for ambient and point source discharges are set by various acts of the government. Compliance is mandatory and provisions for penalties are made in the acts. These are monitored by the central and state pollution control boards. A legal framework and occasionally fiscal incentive schemes for implementation and compliance of the standards support the regulatory approach.

19. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA The Constitution of India provides for the right to life, which is a fundamental right under Art. 21 and has been interpreted by the courts to also include the right to pure air and water. Citizens may also fight against polluted water under s. 277 of the IPC which deals with fouling water or water bodies. The causing any Public nuisance, and the power of the Executive magistrate under sec. 133 of Cr. P.C is one which would bring seedy relief from any fouling of the water. 

20. Water in India: Overview India is endowed with a rich and vast diversity of water resources. India has seasonal rainfall with high temporal and spatial variability. 50% of precipitation falls in just 15 days and over 90% of river flows in just four months. Pre twentieth century India had community level water resource management practices in place, across regions. India has invested in building its water infrastructure (dams, reservoirs and canals) in arid areas. The per capita water storage capacity in India is much below that of China and the US. Indian rivers are in a state of decay. India’s irrigation and water supply services are in poor shape. Urban India heavily depends upon groundwater sources to meet the daily water requirements. The total utilizable water resources of India are assessed as 1086 km^3. 

21. Conclusion To achieve sustainable water development, water needs to be available to all at least to meet their basic demands. Water secure world is a necessity, as defined by UN – Water, Water security is “ the capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well being and socio-economic development, for ensuring protection against waterborne pollution and water related disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate peace and political stability.”.

22. Recommendations Following are some recommendations to help achieve sustainable water development across the world: Countries should include integrated approach of water management in their developmental projects and agenda’s. National policies should be made and implemented across the country. Government’s should increase their efforts of sustaining natural resources including water through integrated approaches and learn from their own experiences. To overcome the challenges faced by developing nations, international communities and developed countries can extend their support in terms of finance and policy making. International communities can address needs and priorities of the developing nations to implement integrated approaches. Developing countries and other economically weaker countries should be supported to adopt integrated approaches in water management mainly in terms of developing infrastructure and to achieve sustainable developmental goals. More efforts should be given to increase finances for water management. Revenue from water resources and other ecosystem services should be raised. Support with a target is important to improve the institutional framework for management of water resources, special focus or emphasis should be given to countries with lower Human Development Index. Countries should have their own targets and timelines to implement programs and actions for integrated water management.

23. REFERENCE Gautam. A., Advanced Economic Geography, Sharada Pustak Bhawan. Singh. S., Biogeography, Pravalika Publications. G. Le. M and Kuffner.U ,, Water resources Management issues in the Humid tropics. Louks . P., Beek.E.V ., Water Resources Planning and Management: An Overview, March 2017 Kasbohm.J ., Grothe.S ., et al. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) - AN INTRODUCTION , September 2009. http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ https://www.wikipedia.org/

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